Injuring more than 500 hurt as meteorite hits Russia
A bus-sized meteor exploded over Russia's Ural Mountains, sparking
speculation about everything from a missile attack to the end of the
world. The shock waves smashed windows and damaged buildings.
A Russian policeman works near an ice hole, said by the Interior
Ministry department for Chelyabinsk region to be the point of impact of a
meteor seen earlier in the Urals region, at lake Chebarkul some 80
kilometers (50 miles) west of Chelyabinsk February 15, 2013. The meteor
streaked across the sky and exploded over central Russia on Friday,
sending fireballs crashing to earth which shattered windows and damaged
buildings, injuring more than 500 people.
The trail of a falling object is seen above a residential apartment
block in the Urals city of Chelyabinsk, in this still image taken from
video shot on February 15, 2013. A powerful blast rocked the Russian
region of the Urals early on Friday with bright objects, identified as
possible meteorites, falling from the sky, emergency officials said
A man identifying himself as Viktor
poses for a photograph after receiving treatment for injuries sustained
from a shock wave that followed after a falling object was sighted in
the sky in the Urals region, at an emergency room in a hospital in
Chelyabinsk February 15, 2013. A meteorite shot across the sky in
central Russia early on Friday and sent fireballs crashing to Earth,
smashing windows, setting off car alarms and injuring 150 people.
A man removes shards of glass from the frame of a broken window
following sightings of a falling object in the sky in the Urals city of
Chelyabinsk February 15, 2013. A powerful blast rocked the Russian
region of the Urals early on Friday with bright objects, identified as
possible meteorites, falling from the sky, emergency officials said
People look at damage to a shop following sightings of a falling object
in the sky in the Urals city of Chelyabinsk February 15, 2013. A
powerful blast rocked the Russian region of the Urals early on Friday
with bright objects, identified as possible meteorites, falling from the
sky, emergency officials said.
Broken windows and debris are seen inside a sports hall following
sightings of a falling object in the sky in the Urals city of
Chelyabinsk February 15, 2013. A powerful blast rocked the Russian
region of the Urals early on Friday with bright objects, identified as
possible meteorites, falling from the sky, emergency officials said.
In this photo provided by Chelyabinsk.ru municipal workers repair
damaged electric power circuit outside a zinc factory building with
about 600 square meters (6000 square feet) of a roof collapsed after a
meteorite exploded over in Chelyabinsk region on Friday, Feb. 15, 2013 A
meteor streaked across the sky of Russia’s Ural Mountains on Friday
morning, causing sharp explosions and reportedly injuring around 100
people, including many hurt by broken glass.
Damage caused after a meteorite passed above the Urals city of
Chelyabinsk, is seen in this picture provided by www.chelyabinsk.ru and
taken February 15, 2013. More than 500 people were injured when the
meteorite shot across the sky and exploded over central Russia on
Friday, sending fireballs crashing to Earth, shattering windows and
damaging buildings.
Damage caused after a meteorite passed above the Urals city of
Chelyabinsk February 15, 2013. More than 500 people were injured when a
meteorite shot across the sky and exploded over central Russia on
Friday, sending fireballs crashing to Earth, shattering windows and
damaging buildings.
Damage caused after a meteorite passed above the Urals city of
Chelyabinsk February 15, 2013. More than 500 people were injured when a
meteorite shot across the sky and exploded over central Russia on
Friday, sending fireballs crashing to Earth, shattering windows and
damaging buildings. (REUTERS/Andrei Kuzmin)
Thanks to the proliferation of new technologies like CCTV and dashboard cameras in cars, the dazzling meteor shower that hit the far-western Siberian region may be the first event of its kind in history to be filmed from almost every angle.Dozens of videos have cropped up on YouTube and other social media, and they offer an astounding glimpse of what happens when a huge hunk of rock, estimated at about 10 tons, plows into the atmosphere at a speed of 30,000 miles per hour. It disintegrated in a series of bright flashes while still several miles above the Earth's surface.
According to eyewitnesses quoted by the Ekho Moskvi radio station, the event began around 9 a.m. local time, when it was not yet full daylight. The station said that thousands of people rushed into the frigid streets, looking up at the fiery contrails in the sky, with many wondering if it was an air disaster, a missile attack, or the end of the world.
"My ears popped, the windows in our building are smashed, everyone says an airplane exploded. My cellphone stopped working for awhile," said one witness from Chelyabinsk.
"I was driving to work and suddenly there was this flash that lit everything up like bright sunlight," said another. "The shock wave nearly drove me off the road."
Close to 1,000 people were reported injured, but only three seriously enough to be hospitalized, according to the official RIA-Novosti agency. Windows were blown out across a wide area, and several buildings were reported damaged, including a Chelyabinsk factory, whose roof caved in.
Pieces of the meteor have been reported coming down across several regions in western Siberia and even nearby Kazakhstan. Russia's Defense Ministry reported that soldiers have located a 20-ft.-wide crater near a lake in Chelyabinsk region.
Russia's military may have known of the impending meteor strike several days in advance, but did not issue any special public warnings, according to the independent Rosbalt news agency (link in Russian).
"The preliminary data about its size and composition suggested it would break up in the atmosphere. There was no cause for alarm," the agency quoted an unnamed Defense Ministry official as saying.
Experts say that such meteor showers are not uncommon, but this one was much bigger than usual, and it occurred over a major population center in the early morning, where huge numbers of people could watch it. Chelyabinsk is an industrial city of about 1 million.
"Judging by the intensity of the shock waves, this was a body at least 30 ft. in diameter and weighing around 10 tons. That's a big one," says Nikolai Chugai, a department head at the official Institute of Astronomy in Moscow.
"It came in very fast, at a shallow angle, and disintegrated in an arc across the sky. That accounts for the amazing sound-and-light show.... If it had come in vertically, it would have been way more destructive, but over a smaller area," he adds.
The European Space Agency reported Friday that there is no connection between the meteor that hit Russia and the huge 165-ft. diameter asteroid known as DA14, which is due to pass within 17,000 miles of Earth – less distance than satellites in geosynchronous orbit – within the next day or so.
"It did a lot of damage, but what do you expect?" asks Nikolai Zheleznov, an expert with the Institute of Applied Astronomy in St. Petersburg. "A meteorite is a large projectile, like a bomb, that enters the atmosphere at high speed. Imagine the kinetic energy in a rock 30 ft. across. When it comes roaring into the atmosphere, the air density is like a solid wall that it slams into. Kinetic energy turns to heat, and then there is percussion....
"We live in a solar system that's full of asteroids and meteorites. There's no avoiding them. Thousands of tons of meteorites fall onto the Earth every year, far more than we can even keep track of. So, try not to worry too much."
INDONESIA
Melukai lebih dari 500 terluka sebagai meteorit memukul RusiaSebuah meteor bus berukuran meledak di Rusia Pegunungan Ural , memicu spekulasi tentang segala sesuatu dari serangan rudal ke ujung dunia . Gelombang kejut memecahkan jendela dan bangunan yang rusak .Seorang polisi Rusia bekerja di dekat sebuah lubang es , dikatakan oleh departemen Kementerian Dalam Negeri untuk wilayah Chelyabinsk menjadi titik dampak meteor yang terlihat sebelumnya di wilayah Ural , di danau Chebarkul sekitar 80 kilometer ( 50 mil) barat dari Chelyabinsk February 15, 2013 . Meteor melesat di langit dan meledak di atas Rusia tengah pada Jumat , mengirim bola api jatuh ke bumi yang menghancurkan jendela dan bangunan yang rusak , melukai lebih dari 500 orang .Jejak dari benda jatuh yang terlihat di atas sebuah blok apartemen perumahan di kota Ural dari Chelyabinsk , dalam gambar ini masih diambil dari rekaman video pada tanggal 15 Februari 2013. Sebuah ledakan kuat mengguncang wilayah Rusia Ural Jumat pagi dengan benda-benda terang , diidentifikasi sebagai kemungkinan meteorit , jatuh dari langit , kata para pejabat daruratSeorang pria mengidentifikasi dirinya sebagai Viktor berpose untuk sebuah foto setelah menerima pengobatan untuk luka yang diderita dari gelombang kejut yang diikuti setelah benda jatuh itu terlihat di langit di wilayah Ural , di ruang gawat darurat di sebuah rumah sakit di Chelyabinsk 15 Februari 2013 . Sebuah meteorit ditembak di langit di Rusia tengah Jumat pagi dan mengirim bola api jatuh ke bumi , menghancurkan jendela , berangkat alarm mobil dan melukai 150 orang .Seorang pria menghilangkan pecahan kaca dari bingkai jendela rusak setelah penampakan benda jatuh di langit di kota Ural dari Chelyabinsk tanggal 15 Februari 2013 . Sebuah ledakan kuat mengguncang wilayah Rusia Ural Jumat pagi dengan benda-benda terang , diidentifikasi sebagai kemungkinan meteorit , jatuh dari langit , kata para pejabat daruratOrang-orang melihat kerusakan toko berikut penampakan benda jatuh di langit di kota Ural dari Chelyabinsk 15 Februari 2013 . Sebuah ledakan kuat mengguncang wilayah Rusia Ural Jumat pagi dengan benda-benda terang , diidentifikasi sebagai kemungkinan meteorit , jatuh dari langit , kata para pejabat darurat .Jendela pecah dan puing-puing terlihat di dalam gedung olah raga berikut penampakan benda jatuh di langit di kota Ural dari Chelyabinsk tanggal 15 Februari 2013 . Sebuah ledakan kuat mengguncang wilayah Rusia Ural Jumat pagi dengan benda-benda terang , diidentifikasi sebagai kemungkinan meteorit , jatuh dari langit , kata para pejabat darurat .Dalam foto ini disediakan oleh Chelyabinsk.ru pekerja kota memperbaiki sirkuit listrik yang rusak di luar bangunan pabrik seng dengan sekitar 600 meter persegi ( 6.000 kaki persegi ) dari atap runtuh setelah sebuah meteorit meledak di atas di wilayah Chelyabinsk pada Jumat, 15 Februari, 2013 Sebuah meteor melesat di langit Rusia Pegunungan Ural pada Jumat pagi , menyebabkan ledakan tajam dan dilaporkan melukai sekitar 100 orang , termasuk banyak terluka oleh pecahan kaca .Kerusakan yang disebabkan setelah meteorit melewati atas kota Ural dari Chelyabinsk , terlihat dalam gambar ini disediakan oleh www.chelyabinsk.ru dan diambil tanggal 15 Februari 2013 . Lebih dari 500 orang cedera ketika meteorit itu ditembak di langit dan meledak di atas Rusia tengah pada Jumat , mengirim bola api jatuh ke bumi , menghancurkan jendela dan merusak bangunan .Kerusakan yang disebabkan setelah meteorit melewati atas kota Ural dari Chelyabinsk tanggal 15 Februari 2013 . Lebih dari 500 orang cedera ketika sebuah meteorit ditembak di langit dan meledak di atas Rusia tengah pada Jumat , mengirim bola api jatuh ke bumi , menghancurkan jendela dan merusak bangunan .Kerusakan yang disebabkan setelah meteorit melewati atas kota Ural dari Chelyabinsk tanggal 15 Februari 2013 . Lebih dari 500 orang cedera ketika sebuah meteorit ditembak di langit dan meledak di atas Rusia tengah pada Jumat , mengirim bola api jatuh ke bumi , menghancurkan jendela dan merusak bangunan . ( REUTERS / Andrei Kuzmin )Sebuah meteor seukuran bus meledak di atmosfer selama Ural kota Rusia Chelyabinsk Jumat , menakutkan ribuan dengan menyilaukan berkedip dan sonic boom kuat yang menghancurkan jendela , bangunan yang rusak , dan luka dapat menuju 1.000 , terutama karena pecahan kaca dan puing-puing .Berkat perkembangan teknologi baru seperti CCTV dan kamera dashboard mobil , menyilaukan hujan meteor yang melanda wilayah Siberia jauh - barat mungkin menjadi acara pertama dari jenisnya dalam sejarah akan difilmkan dari hampir setiap angle.Dozens video telah dipotong di YouTube dan media sosial lainnya , dan mereka menawarkan sekilas mengejutkan dari apa yang terjadi ketika sebongkah besar batu , diperkirakan sekitar 10 ton , bajak ke atmosfer dengan kecepatan 30.000 mil per jam . Ini hancur dalam serangkaian berkedip terang sementara masih beberapa mil di atas permukaan bumi .Menurut saksi mata yang dikutip oleh stasiun radio Ekho Moskvi , acara dimulai sekitar 09:00 waktu setempat , ketika itu belum siang hari penuh. Stasiun itu mengatakan bahwa ribuan orang bergegas ke jalan-jalan yang dingin, sambil menatap contrails berapi-api di langit , dengan banyak bertanya-tanya apakah itu adalah bencana udara , serangan rudal , atau akhir dunia ." Telingaku muncul , jendela di gedung kami yang hancur , semua orang mengatakan pesawat meledak . Ponsel saya berhenti bekerja untuk sementara , " kata seorang saksi mata dari Chelyabinsk ." Saya sedang mengemudi untuk bekerja dan tiba-tiba ada flash yang menerangi semuanya seperti sinar matahari yang cerah , " kata yang lain . " Gelombang kejut hampir membuat saya dari jalan . "Dekat dengan 1.000 orang dilaporkan terluka , tetapi hanya tiga yang cukup serius dirawat di rumah sakit , menurut pejabat kantor berita RIA Novosti - . Jendela pecah di wilayah yang luas , dan beberapa bangunan dilaporkan rusak , termasuk sebuah pabrik Chelyabinsk , yang atapnya ambruk masukPotongan-potongan meteor telah dilaporkan turun di beberapa wilayah di Siberia barat dan bahkan di dekatnya Kazakhstan . Kementerian Pertahanan Rusia melaporkan bahwa tentara telah menemukan sebuah kawah 20 - ft -lebar di dekat sebuah danau di wilayah Chelyabinsk .Militer Rusia mungkin telah dikenal dari tumbukan meteor beberapa hari yang akan datang di muka, tetapi tidak mengeluarkan peringatan publik khusus , menurut kantor berita independen Rosbalt (link dalam bahasa Rusia ) ." Data awal tentang ukuran dan komposisi menyarankan itu akan putus di atmosfer . Tidak ada alasan untuk alarm , " kata kantor itu mengutip seorang pejabat Departemen Pertahanan yang tidak disebutkan namanya .Para ahli mengatakan bahwa hujan meteor tersebut tidak biasa , tapi yang satu ini jauh lebih besar dari biasanya , dan itu terjadi selama sebuah pusat populasi besar di pagi hari , di mana sejumlah besar orang bisa menonton . Chelyabinsk merupakan kota industri sekitar 1 juta." Dilihat oleh intensitas gelombang kejut , ini adalah tubuh setidaknya 30 ft dengan diameter dan berat sekitar 10 ton . Itu salah besar , " kata Nikolai Chugai , seorang kepala departemen di Institut Astronomi resmi di Moskow ."Ini datang sangat cepat , pada sudut dangkal , dan hancur di busur di langit . Itu menyumbang menakjubkan pertunjukan suara - dan - cahaya .... Jika telah datang secara vertikal , itu akan menjadi cara yang lebih destruktif , tapi di daerah yang lebih kecil , " tambahnya .The European Space Agency melaporkan Jumat bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara meteor yang melanda Rusia dan besar 165 - ft . asteroid diameter dikenal sebagai DA14 , yang dijadwalkan lulus dalam 17.000 kilometer dari Bumi - jarak kurang dari satelit di orbit geosynchronous - pada hari berikutnya atau lebih ." Hal itu banyak kerusakan , tapi apa yang Anda harapkan? " meminta Nikolai Zheleznov , seorang ahli dengan Institut Astronomi Terapan di St Petersburg . " Sebuah meteorit adalah proyektil besar , seperti bom , yang memasuki atmosfer pada kecepatan tinggi . Bayangkan energi kinetik dalam sebuah batu 30 ft di . Ketika datang menderu ke atmosfer , kerapatan udara adalah seperti dinding yang kokoh yang membanting menjadi energi kinetik . berubah menjadi panas , dan kemudian ada perkusi ...." Kita hidup di tata surya yang penuh asteroid dan meteorit . Tidak ada menghindari mereka . Ribuan ton meteorit jatuh ke Bumi setiap tahun , jauh lebih banyak daripada kita bahkan dapat melacak . Jadi , cobalah untuk tidak terlalu khawatir . "
ENGLISH
Chelyabinsk meteor adalah asteroid dekat Bumi yang memasuki atmosfer bumi atas Rusia pada tanggal 15 Februari 2013 sekitar pukul 09:20 YEKT ( 03:20 UTC ) , dengan perkiraan kecepatan 18,6 km / s ( lebih 41.000 mph atau 66.960 km / jam ), hampir 60 kali kecepatan suara. ini cepat menjadi superbolide meteor brilian atas wilayah Ural selatan . Cahaya dari meteor itu lebih terang dari matahari . Hal ini diamati di wilayah yang luas wilayah dan di republik tetangga . Saksi mata juga merasa panas yang hebat dari bola api .Karena kecepatan yang sangat besar dan dangkal sudut masuk atmosfer , obyek meledak dalam ledakan udara di atas Chelyabinsk Oblast , pada ketinggian sekitar 23,3 km ( 14,5 mil , 76.000 kaki) . Ledakan yang dihasilkan flash terang , memproduksi berbagai meteorit fragmentaris kecil dan gelombang kejut yang kuat . Atmosfer menyerap sebagian besar energi objek , dengan total energi kinetik sebelum dampak atmosfer setara dengan sekitar 500 kiloton TNT ( sekitar 1,8 PJ ) , 20-30 kali lebih banyak energi daripada dibebaskan dari bom atom yang diledakkan di Hiroshima .Benda itu terdeteksi sebelum masuk atmosfer dan ledakan yang menciptakan kepanikan di antara penduduk setempat . Sekitar 1.500 orang terluka cukup serius untuk mencari perawatan medis . Semua luka-luka karena efek tidak langsung daripada meteor itu sendiri , terutama dari pecahan kaca dari jendela yang tertiup ketika gelombang kejut tiba , menit setelah flashdisk superbolide itu . Beberapa 7.200 bangunan di enam kota di seluruh wilayah itu rusak oleh gelombang kejut ledakan , dan pihak berwenang bergegas untuk membantu memperbaiki struktur dalam sub - nol ( ° C ) suhu .Dengan massa awal diperkirakan sekitar 12,000-13,000 metrik ton ( 13,000-14,000 ton pendek , lebih berat dari Menara Eiffel ) , dan berukuran antara 17 dan 20 meter dalam ukuran , itu adalah terbesar obyek alam yang diketahui telah memasuki Bumi suasana karena peristiwa Tunguska 1908 yang menghancurkan lebar , terpencil , area hutan Siberia . Chelyabinsk meteor juga satu-satunya meteor dikonfirmasi telah menghasilkan sejumlah besar cedera . Pendekatan dekat diprediksi dari asteroid kedua, kira-kira 30 meter Duende ( pada saat masih dikenal dengan sebutan sementara tahun 2012 DA14 ) terjadi sekitar 16 jam kemudian , analisis rinci dari dua benda kemudian menetapkan bahwa mereka tidak berhubungan satu sama lain . Namun, orbitnya itu cukup mirip dengan asteroid 2 kilometer berdiameter ( 86039 ) 1999 NC43 untuk menyarankan mereka pernah menjadi bagian dari objek yang sama .
laporan awalJalan meteor dalam kaitannya dengan tanah .Penduduk setempat menyaksikan benda terbakar sangat terang di langit di Chelyabinsk , Sverdlovsk , Tyumen , dan Orenburg oblast , Republik Bashkortostan , dan di daerah-daerah tetangga di Kazakhstan , saat asteroid memasuki atmosfer bumi di atas Rusia. video amatir menunjukkan bola api melesat di langit dan ledakan keras beberapa menit kemudian . Saksi mata juga merasa panas yang hebat dari bola api .
Acara
dimulai pada 09:20 waktu Yekaterinburg , beberapa menit setelah
matahari terbit di Chelyabinsk , dan menit sebelum matahari terbit di
Yekaterinburg . Menurut
saksi mata , bolide muncul lebih terang dari matahari , [ 8 ] seperti
yang kemudian dikonfirmasi oleh NASA . [ 19 ] Sebuah gambar objek juga
diambil tak lama setelah itu memasuki atmosfer oleh Meteosat satelit
cuaca 9 . [ 20 ] Saksi di Chelyabinsk mengatakan bahwa udara kota berbau seperti mesiu . [ 20 ]entri AtmosphericMenggambarkan semua " fase " , dari entri atmosfer ledakan .Fenomena
terlihat karena bagian dari sebuah asteroid atau meteor melalui
atmosfer disebut meteor . [ 21 ] Jika objek mencapai tanah , maka
disebut meteorit . Selama
traversal Chelyabinsk meteor , ada objek terang tertinggal asap , maka
ledakan udara ( ledakan ) yang menyebabkan gelombang kejut yang kuat ,
penyebab kerusakan ribuan bangunan di Chelyabinsk dan kota-kota
tetangganya . Fragmen
memasuki penerbangan gelap ( tanpa emisi cahaya ) dan menciptakan
lapangan bertebaran berbagai meteorit pada salju menutupi tanah ( resmi
bernama Chelyabinsk meteorit ) .Menurut
Badan Antariksa Federal Rusia , perkiraan awal menunjukkan benda itu
sebuah asteroid yang bergerak di sekitar 30 km / s di "lintasan rendah"
ketika memasuki atmosfir bumi . Menurut
Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Rusia , meteor kemudian didorong melalui
atmosfer pada kecepatan 15 km / s . [ 13 ] [ 20 ] [ 22 ] The radiasi (
posisi jelas asal meteor di langit ) muncul dari rekaman video telah di atas dan di sebelah kiri naik Matahari. [ 23 ]Amerika
Serikat badan antariksa NASA memperkirakan diameter bolide di sekitar
17-20 m dan telah direvisi beberapa kali massa dari awal 7.700 ton (
7.600 ton panjang , 8.500 ton singkat ) , [ 10 ] sampai mencapai
perkiraan akhir dari 10.000 ton
, [ 10 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] ( 11.000 ton singkat , lebih besar
dari total berat Menara Eiffel ) . [ 1 ] [ 28 ] ledakan udara dan
gelombang kejut yang terdaftar pada seismograf di besarnya 2.7
. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] pada 1 Maret 2013 NASA menerbitkan sebuah
sinopsis rinci acara tersebut, menyatakan bahwa pada kecerahan puncak
pada ( 09:20:33 waktu setempat ) , meteor adalah 23,3 km ( 14,5 mil,
76.000 kaki) , yang terletak di 54,8 ° N , 61,1 ° E. Pada
waktu itu perjalanan sekitar 18,6 km / s ( 11,6 mil / s ) , ( km
sekitar 67.000 / jam , atau sekitar 41.750 mph ) - hampir 60 kali
kecepatan suara .
Contoh yang ditemukan oleh para ilmuwan Ural Universitas Federal di Danau Chebarkul . Tujuannya adalah bagian dari meteorit Chelyabinsk .Geografis Masyarakat Rusia mengatakan berlalunya meteor atas Chelyabinsk menyebabkan tiga ledakan daya yang berbeda . Ledakan pertama adalah yang paling kuat , dan didahului dengan flash terang, yang berlangsung sekitar lima detik . Perkiraan
ketinggian awal berkisar 30-70 km , dengan setara ledakan sekitar 500
kiloton TNT ( 2.100 TJ ) , [ 20 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] ( perangkat nuklir
sekitar 20 % lebih besar daripada sendiri RDS - 6s mantan Uni Soviet uji peledakan pada tahun 1953 ) . dan hypocentre dari ledakan itu ke selatan Chelyabinsk , di Yemanzhelinsk dan Yuzhnouralsk . Karena
ketinggian ledakan udara , atmosfer menyerap sebagian besar energi
ledakan itu . [ 35 ] [ 36 ] gelombang kejut Ledakan mencapai Chelyabinsk
dan sekitarnya antara kurang dari 2 menit 23 detik [ 37 ] dan 2 menit
57 detik kemudian . [ 38
] objek tidak melepaskan semua energi dalam bentuk ledakan , karena
sekitar 90 kiloton TNT (sekitar 3,75 x 1014 joule , atau 0,375 PJ ) dari
total energi dari bola api itu dipancarkan sebagai cahaya tampak sesuai
dengan NASA jet Propulsion Laboratory . [ 1 ] [ 39 ]File: Chelyabinsk Bolide Plume seperti yang terlihat oleh PLTN dan NASA Models.oggVisualisasi
ini menunjukkan pengamatan setelah oleh satelit NASA dan model komputer
proyeksi membanggakan dan puing-puing meteor lintasan sekitar atmosfer .Gelombang
infrasonik yang dilepaskan oleh ledakan terdeteksi oleh 20 stasiun
pemantauan yang dirancang untuk mendeteksi senjata nuklir pengujian
dijalankan oleh Test Ban Treaty Organization Komisi Persiapan
Komprehensif , termasuk di stasiun Antartika jauh, sekitar 15.000
kilometer ( 9.300 mil ) jauhnya . Ledakan
ledakan itu cukup besar untuk menghasilkan keuntungan infrasonik ,
setelah mengelilingi dunia , pada jarak hingga 85.000 kilometer ~ (
53.000 mil ) . Beberapa
pendatang yang melibatkan gelombang yang melakukan perjalanan dua kali
di seluruh dunia telah diidentifikasi dengan jelas . Perkiraan
awal dari energi ledakan menggunakan hubungan skala periode - hasil
empiris memberikan nilai 460 kiloton TNT setara [ 40 ] [ 41 ] The
ledakan meteor menghasilkan infrasounds terbesar yang pernah dicatat
oleh sistem monitoring PBB , [ 42 . ]
begitu besar sehingga mereka bergema di seluruh dunia beberapa kali ,
mengambil lebih dari sehari untuk mengusir [ 43 ] analisis ilmiah
tambahan sebesar US Data infrasonik militer dibantu . oleh kesepakatan
yang dicapai dengan pemerintah AS untuk mengizinkan penggunaannya oleh
para ilmuwan sipil , diimplementasikan hanya sekitar sebulan sebelum meteor acara Chelyabinsk . [ 14 ] [ 43 ]Analisis
CCTV dan dash cam video yang diposting secara online menunjukkan bahwa
meteor mendekati dari timur dengan selatan , dan meledak sekitar 40 km
sebelah selatan dari pusat Chelyabinsk atas Korkino pada ketinggian 23,3
km ( 14,5 mil , 76.000 kaki) , dengan fragmen terus ke arah Danau Chebarkul [ 1 ] . [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ]Terakhir
kali fenomena yang sama diamati di wilayah Chelyabinsk adalah Kunashak
hujan meteor tahun 1949 , setelah para ilmuwan pulih sekitar 20 meteorit
seberat lebih dari 200 kg total . [ 47 ] The Chelyabinsk meteor ini
dianggap sebagai benda antariksa alam terbesar ke memasuki
atmosfer bumi sejak Tunguska event 1908, [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] dan
satu-satunya dikonfirmasi telah menghasilkan sejumlah besar cedera , [
51 ] [ Catatan 1 ] meskipun sejumlah kecil cedera panik terkait terjadi selama Great Madrid Meteor acara 10 Februari 1896. [ 52 ]bidang berserakanInformasi lebih lanjut : Chelyabinsk meteoritStrewnfield peta meteorit pulih ( 253 lokasi menemukan didokumentasikan , status 18 Juli 2013 ) .Pada
jam-jam setelah meteor penampakan visual, lubang lebar 6 meter ( 20
kaki) ditemukan pada permukaan beku Danau Chebarkul itu . Hal
itu tidak segera jelas apakah ini adalah hasil dari dampak ,
bagaimanapun, para ilmuwan dari Universitas Federal Ural dikumpulkan 53
sampel dari sekitar lubang hari yang sama ditemukan . Spesimen
awal pulih semua berada di bawah 1 cm ( 0,39 in) dalam ukuran dan
analisis laboratorium awal dikonfirmasi asal meroket mereka. Mereka adalah meteorit chondrite biasa dan mengandung 10 % besi . Nama
resmi untuk fragmen tersebut ditetapkan sebagai Chelyabinsk meteorit . [
2 ] The Chelyabinsk meteor kemudian bertekad untuk datang dari kelompok
chondrite LL . [ 53 ] Pada pertengahan Februari 2013 , sebuah tim dari
enam Kementerian Darurat Rusia scuba penyelam memeriksa bagian bawah danau tapi tidak menemukan fragmen yang cukup besar untuk menyebabkan lubang 6 - meter-lebar dalam es . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ]A
112,2 gram ( 3,96 oz ) Chelyabinsk spesimen meteorit , salah satu dari
banyak ditemukan dalam beberapa hari dari airburst , yang satu ini
antara desa Deputatsky dan Emanzhelinsk . The
broken fragmen menampilkan kerak fusi utama kental dengan garis aliran
dan matriks sangat terkejut dengan urat mencair dan patah tulang planar .
Kubus skala adalah 1 cm ( 0,39 in) .Pada
Juni 2013 , ilmuwan Rusia melaporkan bahwa penyelidikan lebih lanjut
oleh pencitraan magnetik di bawah lokasi lubang es di Lake Chebarkul
telah mengidentifikasi 60 cm ( 2,0 ft ) - ukuran besar meteorit terkubur
dalam lumpur di dasar danau . Sebelum pemulihan dimulai , potongan itu diperkirakan beratnya sekitar 300 kilogram (660 lb) . [ 57 ]Setelah sebuah operasi yang berlangsung beberapa minggu , ia diangkat dari dasar danau Chebarkul pada tanggal 16 Oktober 2013. Dengan massa total 654 kg ( £ 1440 ) ini adalah yang terbesar berhasil ditemukan fragmen meteorit Chelyabinsk . Awalnya, tip dan memecahkan skala yang digunakan untuk menimbang itu , membelah menjadi tiga bagian . [ 58 ] [ 59 ]Pada bulan November 2013, video dari kamera keamanan yang dirilis menunjukkan dampak dari fragmen di danau Chebarkul . [ 60 ]Pada
hari-hari segera setelah awal meteor visual yang penampakan , pejabat
di negara tetangga Kazakhstan mengatakan mereka sedang mencari dua
kemungkinan benda tak dikenal yang mungkin telah mempengaruhi di Aktobe
Province , berdekatan dengan wilayah Rusia yang terkena dampak . [ 61 ] [
62 ] Sampai saat ini , tidak ada pengumuman lebih lanjut telah dibuat .Cedera dan kerusakanJendela hancur di lobi dari Chelyabinsk Drama TeaterMeteor tak terduga kedatangan dan udara meledak mengakibatkan luka-luka yang cukup besar . Pemerintah
Rusia menyatakan bahwa 1.491 orang , termasuk 311 anak-anak , mencari
perhatian medis di Chelyabinsk Oblast dalam beberapa hari pertama . [ 3 ]
Para pejabat kesehatan mengatakan 112 orang telah dirawat di rumah
sakit , dengan dua dalam kondisi serius . Seorang
wanita 52 tahun dengan patah tulang diterbangkan ke Moskow untuk
pengobatan . [ 20 ] Kebanyakan orang yang terluka oleh hancur , jatuh
atau [ 20 ] [ 63 ] ditiup - kaca . Cahaya kuat dari meteor , sesaat 30 kali
lebih terang dari Matahari , [ 34 ] menyebabkan lebih dari 180 kasus
nyeri mata , dan 70 orang kemudian melaporkan kebutaan kilat sementara. [
64 ] Dua puluh orang dilaporkan ultraviolet membakar mirip dengan
sengatan matahari , mungkin diperkuat oleh adanya salju di tanah . [ 64 ]Seorang
guru kelas empat di Chelyabinsk , Yulia Karbysheva , menyelamatkan 44
anak-anak dari berpotensi mengancam kehidupan pemotongan kaca jendela
yang meluruh . Meski
tidak mengetahui asal-usul dari kilasan cahaya , Karbysheva pikir itu
bijaksana untuk mengambil tindakan pencegahan dengan memerintahkan
murid-muridnya untuk menjauh dari jendela kamar dan melakukan menunduk
dan berlindung manuver . Karbysheva
, yang tetap berdiri , serius terkoyak ketika ledakan udara tiba dan
jendela kaca putus tendon di salah satu lengannya , namun bukan salah
satu dari murid-muridnya , yang ia diperintahkan untuk bersembunyi di
bawah meja mereka , menderita luka [ 65 ] .Setelah
ledakan udara , alarm mobil meledak dan jaringan telepon seluler yang
kelebihan beban dengan panggilan . [ 66 ] Gedung perkantoran di
Chelyabinsk dievakuasi . Kelas
untuk semua sekolah Chelyabinsk dibatalkan , terutama karena jendela
pecah . [ 20 ] Setidaknya 20 anak-anak terluka ketika jendela sekolah
dan TK tertiup di jam 09:22 . [ 67 ] Setelah pejabat event , pemerintah
di Chelyabinsk meminta orang tua untuk membawa anak-anak mereka pulang dari sekolah . [ 68 ]Atap runtuh di atas bagian gudang pabrik seng di ChelyabinskSekitar
600 m2 ( 6.500 sq ft ) dari atap di sebuah pabrik seng runtuh dalam
insiden itu . [ 69 ] Warga di Chelyabinsk yang jendela hancur dengan
cepat berusaha untuk menutupi bukaan dengan apa pun yang tersedia ,
karena suhu di Chelyabinsk dan daerah dampak adalah -15
° C ( 5 ° F ) . [ 70 ] Sekitar 100.000 pemilik rumah menjadi korban,
menurut Chelyabinsk Oblast Gubernur Mikhail Yurevich . [ 71 ] Dia juga
mengatakan bahwa melestarikan pipa air dari sistem pemanas sentral kota
itu tujuan utama dari pihak berwenang karena mereka bergegas untuk mengandung lanjut kerusakan pasca - ledakan . [ 20 ]Pada
5 Maret 2013 jumlah bangunan yang rusak telah dihitung di atas 7.200 ,
termasuk beberapa 6.040 blok apartemen , 293 fasilitas kesehatan , 718
sekolah dan universitas , 100 organisasi budaya , dan 43 fasilitas
olahraga, yang hanya sekitar satu setengah persen memiliki belum
diperbaiki . [ 4 ] gubernur oblast itu memperkirakan kerusakan bangunan
pada lebih dari 1 miliar rubel [ 72 ] ( sekitar US $ 33 juta ) . Otoritas
Chelyabinsk mengatakan bahwa jendela pecah rumah apartemen , tapi tidak
glazur dari balkon tertutup , akan diganti dengan biaya negara . [ 73 ]
Salah satu bangunan yang rusak dalam ledakan itu adalah yang Traktor
Sport Palace, arena rumah Traktor Chelyabinsk dari Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) . Arena ditutup untuk pemeriksaan , yang mempengaruhi berbagai acara terjadwal , dan mungkin postseason dari KHL . [ 74 ]reaksiDmitry
Medvedev , Perdana Menteri Rusia , menegaskan meteor telah menyerang
Rusia dan mengatakan itu membuktikan " seluruh planet " rentan terhadap
meteor dan sistem Spaceguard diperlukan untuk melindungi planet ini dari
benda-benda serupa di masa mendatang . [ 15 ] [ 75 ]
Dmitry Rogozin , wakil perdana menteri , mengusulkan bahwa harus ada
program internasional yang akan mengingatkan negara-negara untuk " benda
asal luar bumi " , [ 76 ] juga disebut objek berpotensi berbahaya .Kolonel
Jenderal Nikolay Bogdanov , Komandan Distrik Militer Pusat , gugus
tugas diciptakan yang diarahkan ke daerah dampak kemungkinan untuk
mencari fragmen asteroid dan untuk memantau situasi . Meteorit
( fragmen ) berukuran 1 sampai 5 cm ( 0,39-2,0 dalam ) telah ditemukan 1
km ( 0.62 mi ) dari Chebarkul di wilayah Chelyabinsk . [ 77 ]Pada
hari dampak , Bloomberg News melaporkan bahwa Kantor PBB untuk Urusan
Antariksa menyarankan penyelidikan menciptakan " Aksi Team on Objek
Dekat Bumi " , sebuah sistem jaringan peringatan asteroid global yang
diusulkan , dalam menghadapi 2012 pendekatan DA14 ini .
[ 78 ] [ 79 ] sebagai hasil dari dampak , dua ilmuwan di California
telah mengusulkan pengembangan teknologi senjata diarahkan - energi
sebagai cara yang mungkin untuk melindungi Bumi dari asteroid . [ 80 ] [
81 ]Informasi lebih lanjut : dampak penghindaran Asteroidliputan mediaVideo eksternal Meteor Air BurstLuas cuplikan dasbor cam dari entri atmosfer dan seterusnyaledakan saksi mataCahaya terang dan suara yang direkam oleh kamera pengintai stasionerPemerintah
Rusia mengeluarkan pernyataan singkat dalam waktu satu jam acara , tapi
acara pertama kali dibahas di AS oleh hoki blog Rusia Machine Jangan
Breaks . [ 82 ] Pembahasan di situs media sosial mulai segera setelah
kejadian ( termasuk skeptis awal ,
mengingat kecanggihan komputer-generated imagery modern) , [ 83 ] dan
cakupan berat oleh media internasional telah dimulai pada saat
Associated Press mengeluarkan laporan singkat dengan konfirmasi
pemerintah Rusia kurang dari dua jam sesudahnya . [ 82 ] [ 84 ] Kurang dari 15 jam setelah dampak meteor , video dari meteor dan akibatnya telah dilihat jutaan kali . [ 85 ]Jumlah
luka yang disebabkan oleh asteroid memimpin raksasa internet pencari
Google untuk menghapus Google Doodle dari situs web mereka , diciptakan
untuk kedatangan tertunda prediksi asteroid lain 2012 DA14 . [ 86 ]
direktur planetarium New York City Neil deGrasse Tyson menyatakan Chelyabinsk
meteor itu tak terduga karena tidak ada upaya telah dilakukan untuk
menemukan dan katalog setiap 15 meter objek dekat Bumi . [ 87 ] Dalam
wawancara media televisi tak lama kemudian Tyson juga mencatat kedekatan
mengganggu dari dua peristiwa sama sekali tidak berhubungan .Pada
27 Maret 2013 episode siaran NOVA berjudul " Meteor Strike"
mendokumentasikan Chelyabinsk meteor , termasuk sejumlah besar ilmu
meteor diungkapkan oleh video banyak dari airburst diposting online oleh
warga biasa . Program NOVA disebut dokumentasi video dan penemuan ilmiah terkait dari airburst " belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya " . Film
dokumenter ini juga membahas tragedi yang jauh lebih besar " yang bisa
saja " memiliki asteroid memasuki atmosfer bumi lebih curam . [ 43 ] [
88 ]Impactor parameter orbitalSolusi orbital awal untuk mempengaruhi asteroid Sumber Q qaei Ω ωAU ( ° )Popova , Jenniskens , Emel'yanenko et al .( Ilmu 342 , 2013 , 1069-1073 ) 2,78± 0.20 0.74± 0,02 1,76± 0.16 0.58± 0.02 4.93± 0.48 ° 326,442± 0.003 ° 108,3± 3,8 °Lyytinen melalui tipu ; AMS [ 89 ] 2.53 0.80 1.66 0.52 4.05 ° 326,43 ° 116.0 °Zuluaga , Ferrin , arXiv [ 90 ] 2,64 0,82 1,73 0,51 3,45 ° 326,70 ° 120,6 °Borovicka , et al ; . IAU 3423 [ 91 ] 2,33 0,77 1,55 0,50 3,6 ° 326,41 ° 109,7 °Zuluaga , Ferrin , Geens ; arXiv [ 92 ] 1,816 0,716 1,26± 0.05 0.44± 0,03 2,984 ° 326,5 °± 0,3 ° 95,5 °± 2 °Chodas , Chesley , JPL via Sky dan Telescope [ 93 ] 2,78 0,75 1,73 0,57 4,2 °Insan [ 94 ] 1,5 0,5 3 °Bangga , GPL [ 95 ] 2,23 0,71 1,47 0,52 4,61 ° 326,53 ° 96,58 °de la Fuente Marcos ; MNRAS : Surat [ 96 ] 2,48 0,76 1,62 0,53 3,82 ° 326,41 ° 109.44 °Q = Aphelion , q = Perihelion , a = sumbu Semi - besar , e = Eksentrisitas , i = Inklinasi ,Ω = Ascending simpul bujur , ω = Argumen perihelionBeberapa
video dari superbolide Chelyabinsk , terutama dari kamera dashboard dan
kamera lalu lintas , membantu untuk menetapkan asal meteor sebagai
sebuah asteroid Apollo . [ 91 ] [ 97 ] teknik analisis canggih termasuk
superposisi berikutnya pandangan starfield malam hari lebih gambar yang
direkam siang hari , serta sebagai plotting vektor bayangan siang hari ditunjukkan dalam beberapa video online.
The bercahaya dari asteroid berdampak terletak di konstelasi Pegasus di belahan bumi Utara . [ 90 ] bercahaya itu dekat dengan cakrawala Timur di mana matahari mulai naik . [ 90 ]Asteroid milik kelompok Apollo asteroid dekat Bumi , [ 90 ] [ 98 ] dan kira-kira 40 hari perihelion masa lalu ( pendekatan terdekat dengan Matahari ) dan memiliki aphelion ( jarak terjauh dari Matahari ) di sabuk asteroid [ 89 ] . [ 90 ] Beberapa kelompok independen yang berasal orbit sangat mirip untuk objek. The Apollo asteroid 2011 EO40 adalah kandidat yang paling mungkin untuk peran orangtua tubuh superbolide Chelyabinsk .
berebut meteoritSebagai buntut dari ledakan udara tubuh , sejumlah besar meteorit kecil jatuh di daerah barat dari Chelyabinsk , umumnya pada kecepatan terminal , tentang kecepatan sepotong kerikil dijatuhkan dari gedung pencakar langit . [ 100 ] Penduduk setempat dan anak-anak sekolah yang terletak dan mengambil beberapa dari meteorit , banyak terletak di salju , dengan mengikuti lubang terlihat yang telah ditinggalkan di permukaan luar salju . Spekulan telah aktif di pasar informal yang telah dengan cepat muncul untuk fragmen meteorit . [ 100 ]Dalam Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2014 di Sochi , 7 medali emas yang dapat diperoleh selama delapan peristiwa medali hari ( 15 Februari 2014 ) akan menampilkan fragmen meteorit Chelyabinsk . Peristiwa medali direncanakan pada hari itu adalah : pria 1.500 meter speedskating , 1.000 dan 1.500 track pendek perempuan laki-laki , perempuan cross-country ski relay, K - 125 lompat ski pria , slalom raksasa super perempuan dan kerangka laki-laki . [ 101 ]Pendekatan asteroid kebetulanPerbandingan mantan orbit dari Chelyabinsk meteor ( lebih besar orbit elips biru ) dan asteroid 2012 DA14 ( kecil orbit biru melingkar ) , yang menunjukkan bahwa mereka berbeda .Perhitungan awal menunjukkan benda itu tidak terkait dengan 15 Februari pendekatan dekat dari apa yang pada saat yang dikenal sebagai asteroid 2012 DA14 ( yang kemudian dinamai 367.943 Duende ) yang melewati bumi 16 jam kemudian pada jarak 27,700 km . [ 10 ] [ 102 ] [ 103 ] The Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory , [ 23 ] sumber Rusia , [ 104 ] Badan Antariksa Eropa , [ 105 ] NASA [ 10 ] dan Royal Astronomical Society [ 106 ] semua menunjukkan dua benda tidak mungkin terkait karena kedua asteroid memiliki lintasan yang sangat berbeda . Namun, analisis lebih lanjut mengungkapkan bahwa sebelum persimpangan dengan bumi , orbit Chelyabinsk meteor mengelilingi matahari ini mirip dengan asteroid yang lebih besar , objek 2 km ( 86039 ) 1999 NC43 , menunjukkan bahwa dua badan mungkin dulu adalah bagian dari objek yang sama .
ENGLISH
Chelyabinsk meteor
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2013 Chelyabinsk meteor
File:Взрыв метеорита над Челябинском 15 02 2013 avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv
(image link)
Meteor fireball seen from Kamensk-Uralsky where it was still dawn, in an oblast north of Chelyabinsk
Chelyabinsk meteor is located in Russia
Location of the meteor
Date 15 February 2013
Time 09:20 YEKT (UTC+06:00)
Location
Russia
Chelyabinsk Oblast
Orenburg Oblast
Bashkortostan
Sverdlovsk Oblast
Tyumen Oblast
Kazakhstan
Aktobe Province
Kostanay Province
Coordinates 55.150°N 61.410°ECoordinates: 55.150°N 61.410°E[1]
Also known as Chelyabinsk meteorite[2]
Cause Meteor air burst
Injuries 1,491[3]
Property damage Over 7,200[4] damaged buildings, collapsed factory roof, shattered windows
The Chelyabinsk meteor was a near-Earth asteroid that entered Earth's atmosphere over Russia on 15 February 2013 at about 09:20 YEKT (03:20 UTC), with an estimated speed of 18.6 km/s (over 41,000 mph or 66,960 km/h), almost 60 times the speed of sound.[1] It quickly became a brilliant superbolide meteor over the southern Ural region. The light from the meteor was brighter than the sun. It was observed over a wide area of the region and in neighbouring republics. Eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the fireball.
Due to its enormous velocity and shallow atmospheric entry angle, the object exploded in an air burst over Chelyabinsk Oblast, at a height of around 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000 feet). The explosion generated a bright flash, producing many small fragmentary meteorites and a powerful shock wave. The atmosphere absorbed most of the object's energy, with a total kinetic energy before atmospheric impact equivalent to approximately 500 kilotons of TNT (about 1.8 PJ), 20–30 times more energy than was released from the atomic bomb detonated at Hiroshima.
The object was undetected before its atmospheric entry and its explosion created panic among local residents. About 1,500 people were injured seriously enough to seek medical treatment. All of the injuries were due to indirect effects rather than the meteor itself, mainly from broken glass from windows that were blown in when the shock wave arrived, minutes after the superbolide's flash. Some 7,200 buildings in six cities across the region were damaged by the explosion's shock wave, and authorities scrambled to help repair the structures in sub-zero (°C) temperatures.
With an estimated initial mass of about 12,000–13,000 metric tonnes[5] (13,000–14,000 short tons, heavier than the Eiffel Tower), and measuring between 17 and 20 metres in size, it is the largest known natural object to have entered Earth's atmosphere since the 1908 Tunguska event that destroyed a wide, remote, forested area of Siberia. The Chelyabinsk meteor is also the only meteor confirmed to have resulted in a large number of injuries. The predicted close approach of a second asteroid, the roughly 30-metre Duende (at the time still known by its provisional designation 2012 DA14) occurred about 16 hours later; detailed analysis of the two objects later determined that they were unrelated to each other. However, its orbit was sufficiently similar to the 2-kilometer-diameter asteroid (86039) 1999 NC43 to suggest they had once been part of the same object.[6]
Contents
1 Initial reports
1.1 Atmospheric entry
1.2 Strewn field
2 Injuries and damage
3 Reactions
3.1 Media coverage
4 Impactor orbital parameters
5 Meteorite scramble
6 Coincidental asteroid approach
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Initial reports
The meteor's path in relation to the ground.
Local residents witnessed extremely bright burning objects in the sky in Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, and Orenburg Oblasts, the Republic of Bashkortostan, and in neighbouring regions in Kazakhstan,[7][8][9] when the asteroid entered the Earth's atmosphere over Russia.[10][11][12][13][14] Amateur videos showed a fireball streaking across the sky and a loud boom several minutes afterwards.[15][16][17] Eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the fireball.[18]
The event began at 09:20 Yekaterinburg time, several minutes after sunrise in Chelyabinsk, and minutes before sunrise in Yekaterinburg. According to eyewitnesses, the bolide appeared brighter than the sun,[8] as was later confirmed by NASA.[19] An image of the object was also taken shortly after it entered the atmosphere by the weather satellite Meteosat 9.[20] Witnesses in Chelyabinsk said that the air of the city smelled like gunpowder.[20]
Atmospheric entry
Illustrating all "phases", from atmospheric entry to explosion.
The visible phenomenon due to the passage of an asteroid or meteoroid through the atmosphere is called a meteor.[21] If the object reaches the ground, then it is called a meteorite. During the Chelyabinsk meteor's traversal, there was a bright object trailing smoke, then an air burst (explosion) that caused a powerful shock wave, the cause of the damage to thousands of buildings in Chelyabinsk and its neighbouring towns. The fragments entered dark flight (without the emission of light) and created a strewn field of numerous meteorites on the snow-covered ground (officially named Chelyabinsk meteorites).
According to the Russian Federal Space Agency, preliminary estimates indicated the object was an asteroid moving at about 30 km/s in a "low trajectory" when it entered Earth's atmosphere. According to the Russian Academy of Sciences, the meteor then pushed through the atmosphere at a velocity of 15 km/s.[13][20][22] The radiant (the apparent position of origin of the meteor in the sky) appears from video recordings to have been above and to the left of the rising Sun.[23]
The United States space agency NASA estimated the diameter of the bolide at about 17–20 m and has revised the mass several times from an initial 7,700 tonnes (7,600 long tons; 8,500 short tons),[10] until reaching a final estimate of 10,000 tonnes,[10][24][25][26][27] (11,000 short tons, greater than the total weight of the Eiffel Tower).[1][28] The air burst and shock wave registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.[29][30][31] On 1 March 2013 NASA published a detailed synopsis of the event, stating that at peak brightness at (09:20:33 local time), the meteor was 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000 feet) high, located at 54.8°N, 61.1°E. At that time it was travelling at about 18.6 km/s (11.6 mi/s), (about 67,000 km/h, or about 41,750 mph) —almost 60 times the speed of sound.[1][32]
A sample found by Ural Federal University scientists at Lake Chebarkul. The object is part of the Chelyabinsk meteorite.
The Russian Geographical Society said the passing of the meteor over Chelyabinsk caused three blasts of different power. The first explosion was the most powerful, and was preceded by a bright flash, which lasted about five seconds. Initial altitude estimates ranged from 30–70 km, with an explosive equivalent of roughly 500 kilotonnes of TNT (2,100 TJ),[20][33][34] (about 20% greater than the former Soviet Union's own RDS-6s nuclear device test detonation in 1953). and the hypocentre of the explosion was to the south of Chelyabinsk, in Yemanzhelinsk and Yuzhnouralsk. Due to the height of the air burst, the atmosphere absorbed most of the explosion's energy.[35][36] The explosion's shock wave reached Chelyabinsk and environs between less than 2 minutes 23 seconds[37] and 2 minutes 57 seconds later.[38] The object did not release all of its energy in the form of an explosion, because some 90 kilotons of TNT (about 3.75 x 1014 joules, or 0.375 PJ) of the total energy of the fireball was emitted as visible light according to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[1][39]
File:Chelyabinsk Bolide Plume as seen by NPP and NASA Models.ogg
This visualization shows the aftermath observations by NASA satellites and computer models projections of the plume and meteor debris trajectory around the atmosphere.
The infrasound waves given off by the explosions were detected by 20 monitoring stations designed to detect nuclear weapons testing run by the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission, including at the distant Antarctic station, some 15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi) away. The blast of the explosion was large enough to generate infrasound returns, after circling the globe, at distances up to ~85,000 kilometres (53,000 mi). Multiple arrivals involving waves that traveled twice around the globe have been clearly identified. A preliminary estimate of the explosive energy using empirical period-yield scaling relations gives a value of 460 kilotons of TNT equivalent.[40][41] The meteor explosion produced the largest infrasounds ever to be recorded by a United Nations monitoring system,[42] so great that they reverberated around the world several times, taking over a day to dissipate.[43] Additional scientific analysis of US military infrasound data was aided by an agreement reached with US authorities to allow its use by civilian scientists, implemented only about a month before the Chelyabinsk meteor event.[14][43]
Analysis of CCTV and dash cam video posted online indicates that the meteor approached from east by south, and exploded about 40 km south of central Chelyabinsk above Korkino at a height of 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000 feet), with fragments continuing in the direction of Lake Chebarkul.[1][44][45][46]
The last time a similar phenomenon was observed in the Chelyabinsk region was the Kunashak meteor shower of 1949, after which scientists recovered about 20 meteorites weighing over 200 kg in total.[47] The Chelyabinsk meteor is thought to be the biggest natural space object to enter Earth's atmosphere since the 1908 Tunguska event,[48][49][50] and the only one confirmed to have resulted in a large number of injuries,[51][Note 1] although a small number of panic-related injuries occurred during the Great Madrid Meteor Event of 10 February 1896.[52]
Strewn field
Further information: Chelyabinsk meteorite
Strewnfield map of recovered meteorites (253 documented find locations, status of 18 July 2013).
In the hours following the visual meteor sighting, a 6 metre (20 ft) wide hole was discovered in Lake Chebarkul's frozen surface. It was not immediately clear if this was the result of an impact, however, scientists from the Ural Federal University collected 53 samples from around the hole the same day it was discovered. The early specimens recovered were all under 1 centimetre (0.39 in) in size and initial laboratory analysis confirmed their meteoric origin. They are ordinary chondrite meteorites and contain 10% iron. The official name for such fragments is designated as Chelyabinsk meteorite.[2] The Chelyabinsk meteor was later determined to come from the LL chondrite group.[53] In mid-February 2013, a team of six Russian Emergencies Ministry scuba divers examined the bottom of the lake but found no fragment large enough to have caused the 6-metre-wide hole in the ice.[54][55][56]
A 112.2 gram (3.96 oz) Chelyabinsk meteorite specimen, one of many found within days of the airburst, this one between the villages of Deputatsky and Emanzhelinsk. The broken fragment displays a thick primary fusion crust with flow lines and a heavily shocked matrix with melt veins and planar fractures. Scale cube is 1 cm (0.39 in).
In June 2013, Russian scientists reported that further investigation by magnetic imaging below the location of the ice hole in Lake Chebarkul had identified a 60 centimetres (2.0 ft)-size large meteorite buried in the mud at the bottom of the lake. Before recovery began, the chunk was estimated to weigh roughly 300 kilograms (660 lb).[57]
Following an operation lasting a number of weeks, it was raised from the bottom of the Chebarkul lake on 16 October 2013. With a total mass of 654 kg (1,440 lb) this is the largest found fragment of the Chelyabinsk meteorite. Initially, it tipped and broke the scales used to weigh it, splitting into three pieces.[58][59]
In November 2013, a video from a security camera was released showing the impact of the fragment at the Chebarkul lake.[60]
In the days immediately after the initial visual meteor sighting, officials in the neighbouring country of Kazakhstan said they were looking for two possible unidentified objects that may have impacted in Aktobe Province, adjacent to the affected Russian regions.[61][62] To date, no further announcements have been made.
Injuries and damage
Shattered windows in the foyer of the Chelyabinsk Drama Theatre
The meteor's unpredicted arrival and air burst resulted in considerable injuries. Russian authorities stated that 1,491 people, including 311 children, sought medical attention in Chelyabinsk Oblast within the first few days.[3] Health officials said 112 people had been hospitalised, with two in serious condition. A 52-year-old woman with a broken spine was flown to Moscow for treatment.[20] Most people were hurt by shattered, falling or blown-in glass.[20][63] The intense light from the meteor, momentarily 30 times brighter than the Sun,[34] led to over 180 cases of eye pain, and 70 people subsequently reported temporary flash blindness.[64] Twenty people reported ultraviolet burns similar to sunburn, possibly intensified by the presence of snow on the ground.[64]
A fourth-grade teacher in Chelyabinsk, Yulia Karbysheva, saved 44 children from potentially life threatening imploding window glass cuts. Despite not knowing the origin of the intense flash of light, Karbysheva thought it prudent to take precautionary measures by ordering her students to stay away from the room's windows and to perform a duck and cover maneuver. Karbysheva, who remained standing, was seriously lacerated when the air blast arrived and window glass severed a tendon in one of her arms; however, not one of her students, who she ordered to hide under their desks, suffered a cut.[65]
After the air blast, car alarms went off and mobile phone networks were overloaded with calls.[66] Office buildings in Chelyabinsk were evacuated. Classes for all Chelyabinsk schools were cancelled, mainly due to broken windows.[20] At least 20 children were injured when the windows of a school and kindergarten were blown in at 09:22.[67] Following the event, government officials in Chelyabinsk asked parents to take their children home from schools.[68]
The collapsed roof over the warehouse section of a zinc factory in Chelyabinsk
Approximately 600 m2 (6,500 sq ft) of a roof at a zinc factory collapsed during the incident.[69] Residents in Chelyabinsk whose windows were smashed quickly sought to cover the openings with anything available, because the temperature in Chelyabinsk and the impact area was −15 °C (5 °F).[70] Approximately 100,000 home-owners were affected, according to Chelyabinsk Oblast Governor Mikhail Yurevich.[71] He also said that preserving the water pipes of the city's central heating system was the primary goal of the authorities as they scrambled to contain further post-explosion damage.[20]
By 5 March 2013 the number of damaged buildings was tallied at over 7,200, which included some 6,040 apartment blocks, 293 medical facilities, 718 schools and universities, 100 cultural organizations, and 43 sport facilities, of which only about one and a half percent had not yet been repaired.[4] The oblast's governor estimated the damage to buildings at more than 1 billion rubles[72] (approximately US$33 million). Chelyabinsk authorities said that broken windows of apartment homes, but not the glazing of enclosed balconies, would be replaced at the state's expense.[73] One of the buildings damaged in the blast was the Traktor Sport Palace, home arena of Traktor Chelyabinsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). The arena was closed for inspection, affecting various scheduled events, and possibly the postseason of the KHL.[74]
Reactions
Dmitry Medvedev, the Prime Minister of Russia, confirmed a meteor had struck Russia and said it proves the "entire planet" is vulnerable to meteors and a spaceguard system is needed to protect the planet from similar objects in the future.[15][75] Dmitry Rogozin, the deputy prime minister, proposed that there should be an international programme that would alert countries to "objects of an extraterrestrial origin",[76] also called potentially hazardous objects.
Colonel General Nikolay Bogdanov, commander of the Central Military District, created task forces that were directed to the probable impact areas to search for fragments of the asteroid and to monitor the situation. Meteorites (fragments) measuring 1 to 5 cm (0.39 to 2.0 in) have been found 1 km (0.62 mi) from Chebarkul in the Chelyabinsk region.[77]
On the day of the impact, Bloomberg News reported that the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs had suggested the investigation of creating an "Action Team on Near-Earth Objects", a proposed global asteroid warning network system, in face of 2012 DA14's approach.[78][79] As a result of the impact, two scientists in California have proposed directed-energy weapon technology development as a possible means to protect Earth from asteroids.[80][81]
Further information: Asteroid impact avoidance
Media coverage
External video Meteor Air Burst
Extensive dash cam footage from the atmospheric entry onwards
Explosion eyewitness
Bright light and sound recorded by a stationary surveillance camera
The Russian government put out a brief statement within an hour of the event, but the event was first covered in the US by hockey blog Russian Machine Never Breaks.[82] Discussion on social media sites started almost immediately after the event (including initial scepticism, given the sophistication of modern computer-generated imagery),[83] and heavy coverage by the international media had begun by the time the Associated Press put out a brief report with the Russian government's confirmation less than two hours afterwards.[82][84] Less than 15 hours after the meteor impact, videos of the meteor and its aftermath had been viewed millions of times.[85]
The number of injuries caused by the asteroid led the Internet-search giant Google to remove a Google Doodle from their website, created for the predicted pending arrival of another asteroid, 2012 DA14.[86] New York City planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson stated the Chelyabinsk meteor was unpredicted because no attempt had been made to find and catalogue every 15-metre near-Earth object.[87] In television media interviews shortly afterwards Tyson also noted the disturbing closeness of the two completely unrelated events.
On 27 March 2013 a broadcast episode of NOVA titled "Meteor Strike" documented the Chelyabinsk meteor, including the large amounts of meteoritic science revealed by the numerous videos of the airburst posted online by ordinary citizens. The NOVA program called the video documentation and the related scientific discoveries of the airburst "unprecedented". The documentary also discussed the much greater tragedy "that could have been" had the asteroid entered the Earth's atmosphere more steeply.[43][88]
Impactor orbital parameters
Preliminary orbital solutions for impacting asteroid Source Q q a e i Ω ω
AU (°)
Popova, Jenniskens, Emel'yanenko et al.
(Science 342, 2013, 1069-1073) 2.78
±0.20 0.74
±0.02 1.76
±0.16 0.58
±0.02 4.93
±0.48° 326.442
±0.003° 108.3
±3.8°
Lyytinen via Hankey; AMS[89] 2.53 0.80 1.66 0.52 4.05° 326.43° 116.0°
Zuluaga, Ferrin; ArXiv[90] 2.64 0.82 1.73 0.51 3.45° 326.70° 120.6°
Borovicka, et al.; IAU 3423[91] 2.33 0.77 1.55 0.50 3.6° 326.41° 109.7°
Zuluaga, Ferrin, Geens; arXiv[92] 1.816 0.716 1.26
± 0.05 0.44
± 0.03 2.984° 326.5°
± 0.3° 95.5°
± 2°
Chodas, Chesley; JPL via Sky and Telescope[93] 2.78 0.75 1.73 0.57 4.2°
Insan[94] 1.5 0.5 3°
Proud; GPL[95] 2.23 0.71 1.47 0.52 4.61° 326.53° 96.58°
de la Fuente Marcos; MNRAS: Letters[96] 2.48 0.76 1.62 0.53 3.82° 326.41° 109.44°
Q = Aphelion, q = Perihelion, a = Semi-major axis, e = Eccentricity, i = Inclination,
Ω = Ascending node longitude, ω = Argument of perihelion
Multiple videos of the Chelyabinsk superbolide, particularly from dashboard cameras and traffic cameras, helped to establish the meteor's provenance as an Apollo asteroid.
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2013 Chelyabinsk meteor
File:Взрыв метеорита над Челябинском 15 02 2013 avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv
(image link)
Meteor fireball seen from Kamensk-Uralsky where it was still dawn, in an oblast north of Chelyabinsk
Chelyabinsk meteor is located in Russia
Location of the meteor
Date 15 February 2013
Time 09:20 YEKT (UTC+06:00)
Location
Russia
Chelyabinsk Oblast
Orenburg Oblast
Bashkortostan
Sverdlovsk Oblast
Tyumen Oblast
Kazakhstan
Aktobe Province
Kostanay Province
Coordinates 55.150°N 61.410°ECoordinates: 55.150°N 61.410°E[1]
Also known as Chelyabinsk meteorite[2]
Cause Meteor air burst
Injuries 1,491[3]
Property damage Over 7,200[4] damaged buildings, collapsed factory roof, shattered windows
The Chelyabinsk meteor was a near-Earth asteroid that entered Earth's atmosphere over Russia on 15 February 2013 at about 09:20 YEKT (03:20 UTC), with an estimated speed of 18.6 km/s (over 41,000 mph or 66,960 km/h), almost 60 times the speed of sound.[1] It quickly became a brilliant superbolide meteor over the southern Ural region. The light from the meteor was brighter than the sun. It was observed over a wide area of the region and in neighbouring republics. Eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the fireball.
Due to its enormous velocity and shallow atmospheric entry angle, the object exploded in an air burst over Chelyabinsk Oblast, at a height of around 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000 feet). The explosion generated a bright flash, producing many small fragmentary meteorites and a powerful shock wave. The atmosphere absorbed most of the object's energy, with a total kinetic energy before atmospheric impact equivalent to approximately 500 kilotons of TNT (about 1.8 PJ), 20–30 times more energy than was released from the atomic bomb detonated at Hiroshima.
The object was undetected before its atmospheric entry and its explosion created panic among local residents. About 1,500 people were injured seriously enough to seek medical treatment. All of the injuries were due to indirect effects rather than the meteor itself, mainly from broken glass from windows that were blown in when the shock wave arrived, minutes after the superbolide's flash. Some 7,200 buildings in six cities across the region were damaged by the explosion's shock wave, and authorities scrambled to help repair the structures in sub-zero (°C) temperatures.
With an estimated initial mass of about 12,000–13,000 metric tonnes[5] (13,000–14,000 short tons, heavier than the Eiffel Tower), and measuring between 17 and 20 metres in size, it is the largest known natural object to have entered Earth's atmosphere since the 1908 Tunguska event that destroyed a wide, remote, forested area of Siberia. The Chelyabinsk meteor is also the only meteor confirmed to have resulted in a large number of injuries. The predicted close approach of a second asteroid, the roughly 30-metre Duende (at the time still known by its provisional designation 2012 DA14) occurred about 16 hours later; detailed analysis of the two objects later determined that they were unrelated to each other. However, its orbit was sufficiently similar to the 2-kilometer-diameter asteroid (86039) 1999 NC43 to suggest they had once been part of the same object.[6]
Contents
1 Initial reports
1.1 Atmospheric entry
1.2 Strewn field
2 Injuries and damage
3 Reactions
3.1 Media coverage
4 Impactor orbital parameters
5 Meteorite scramble
6 Coincidental asteroid approach
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Initial reports
The meteor's path in relation to the ground.
Local residents witnessed extremely bright burning objects in the sky in Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, and Orenburg Oblasts, the Republic of Bashkortostan, and in neighbouring regions in Kazakhstan,[7][8][9] when the asteroid entered the Earth's atmosphere over Russia.[10][11][12][13][14] Amateur videos showed a fireball streaking across the sky and a loud boom several minutes afterwards.[15][16][17] Eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the fireball.[18]
The event began at 09:20 Yekaterinburg time, several minutes after sunrise in Chelyabinsk, and minutes before sunrise in Yekaterinburg. According to eyewitnesses, the bolide appeared brighter than the sun,[8] as was later confirmed by NASA.[19] An image of the object was also taken shortly after it entered the atmosphere by the weather satellite Meteosat 9.[20] Witnesses in Chelyabinsk said that the air of the city smelled like gunpowder.[20]
Atmospheric entry
Illustrating all "phases", from atmospheric entry to explosion.
The visible phenomenon due to the passage of an asteroid or meteoroid through the atmosphere is called a meteor.[21] If the object reaches the ground, then it is called a meteorite. During the Chelyabinsk meteor's traversal, there was a bright object trailing smoke, then an air burst (explosion) that caused a powerful shock wave, the cause of the damage to thousands of buildings in Chelyabinsk and its neighbouring towns. The fragments entered dark flight (without the emission of light) and created a strewn field of numerous meteorites on the snow-covered ground (officially named Chelyabinsk meteorites).
According to the Russian Federal Space Agency, preliminary estimates indicated the object was an asteroid moving at about 30 km/s in a "low trajectory" when it entered Earth's atmosphere. According to the Russian Academy of Sciences, the meteor then pushed through the atmosphere at a velocity of 15 km/s.[13][20][22] The radiant (the apparent position of origin of the meteor in the sky) appears from video recordings to have been above and to the left of the rising Sun.[23]
The United States space agency NASA estimated the diameter of the bolide at about 17–20 m and has revised the mass several times from an initial 7,700 tonnes (7,600 long tons; 8,500 short tons),[10] until reaching a final estimate of 10,000 tonnes,[10][24][25][26][27] (11,000 short tons, greater than the total weight of the Eiffel Tower).[1][28] The air burst and shock wave registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.[29][30][31] On 1 March 2013 NASA published a detailed synopsis of the event, stating that at peak brightness at (09:20:33 local time), the meteor was 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000 feet) high, located at 54.8°N, 61.1°E. At that time it was travelling at about 18.6 km/s (11.6 mi/s), (about 67,000 km/h, or about 41,750 mph) —almost 60 times the speed of sound.[1][32]
A sample found by Ural Federal University scientists at Lake Chebarkul. The object is part of the Chelyabinsk meteorite.
The Russian Geographical Society said the passing of the meteor over Chelyabinsk caused three blasts of different power. The first explosion was the most powerful, and was preceded by a bright flash, which lasted about five seconds. Initial altitude estimates ranged from 30–70 km, with an explosive equivalent of roughly 500 kilotonnes of TNT (2,100 TJ),[20][33][34] (about 20% greater than the former Soviet Union's own RDS-6s nuclear device test detonation in 1953). and the hypocentre of the explosion was to the south of Chelyabinsk, in Yemanzhelinsk and Yuzhnouralsk. Due to the height of the air burst, the atmosphere absorbed most of the explosion's energy.[35][36] The explosion's shock wave reached Chelyabinsk and environs between less than 2 minutes 23 seconds[37] and 2 minutes 57 seconds later.[38] The object did not release all of its energy in the form of an explosion, because some 90 kilotons of TNT (about 3.75 x 1014 joules, or 0.375 PJ) of the total energy of the fireball was emitted as visible light according to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[1][39]
File:Chelyabinsk Bolide Plume as seen by NPP and NASA Models.ogg
This visualization shows the aftermath observations by NASA satellites and computer models projections of the plume and meteor debris trajectory around the atmosphere.
The infrasound waves given off by the explosions were detected by 20 monitoring stations designed to detect nuclear weapons testing run by the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission, including at the distant Antarctic station, some 15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi) away. The blast of the explosion was large enough to generate infrasound returns, after circling the globe, at distances up to ~85,000 kilometres (53,000 mi). Multiple arrivals involving waves that traveled twice around the globe have been clearly identified. A preliminary estimate of the explosive energy using empirical period-yield scaling relations gives a value of 460 kilotons of TNT equivalent.[40][41] The meteor explosion produced the largest infrasounds ever to be recorded by a United Nations monitoring system,[42] so great that they reverberated around the world several times, taking over a day to dissipate.[43] Additional scientific analysis of US military infrasound data was aided by an agreement reached with US authorities to allow its use by civilian scientists, implemented only about a month before the Chelyabinsk meteor event.[14][43]
Analysis of CCTV and dash cam video posted online indicates that the meteor approached from east by south, and exploded about 40 km south of central Chelyabinsk above Korkino at a height of 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000 feet), with fragments continuing in the direction of Lake Chebarkul.[1][44][45][46]
The last time a similar phenomenon was observed in the Chelyabinsk region was the Kunashak meteor shower of 1949, after which scientists recovered about 20 meteorites weighing over 200 kg in total.[47] The Chelyabinsk meteor is thought to be the biggest natural space object to enter Earth's atmosphere since the 1908 Tunguska event,[48][49][50] and the only one confirmed to have resulted in a large number of injuries,[51][Note 1] although a small number of panic-related injuries occurred during the Great Madrid Meteor Event of 10 February 1896.[52]
Strewn field
Further information: Chelyabinsk meteorite
Strewnfield map of recovered meteorites (253 documented find locations, status of 18 July 2013).
In the hours following the visual meteor sighting, a 6 metre (20 ft) wide hole was discovered in Lake Chebarkul's frozen surface. It was not immediately clear if this was the result of an impact, however, scientists from the Ural Federal University collected 53 samples from around the hole the same day it was discovered. The early specimens recovered were all under 1 centimetre (0.39 in) in size and initial laboratory analysis confirmed their meteoric origin. They are ordinary chondrite meteorites and contain 10% iron. The official name for such fragments is designated as Chelyabinsk meteorite.[2] The Chelyabinsk meteor was later determined to come from the LL chondrite group.[53] In mid-February 2013, a team of six Russian Emergencies Ministry scuba divers examined the bottom of the lake but found no fragment large enough to have caused the 6-metre-wide hole in the ice.[54][55][56]
A 112.2 gram (3.96 oz) Chelyabinsk meteorite specimen, one of many found within days of the airburst, this one between the villages of Deputatsky and Emanzhelinsk. The broken fragment displays a thick primary fusion crust with flow lines and a heavily shocked matrix with melt veins and planar fractures. Scale cube is 1 cm (0.39 in).
In June 2013, Russian scientists reported that further investigation by magnetic imaging below the location of the ice hole in Lake Chebarkul had identified a 60 centimetres (2.0 ft)-size large meteorite buried in the mud at the bottom of the lake. Before recovery began, the chunk was estimated to weigh roughly 300 kilograms (660 lb).[57]
Following an operation lasting a number of weeks, it was raised from the bottom of the Chebarkul lake on 16 October 2013. With a total mass of 654 kg (1,440 lb) this is the largest found fragment of the Chelyabinsk meteorite. Initially, it tipped and broke the scales used to weigh it, splitting into three pieces.[58][59]
In November 2013, a video from a security camera was released showing the impact of the fragment at the Chebarkul lake.[60]
In the days immediately after the initial visual meteor sighting, officials in the neighbouring country of Kazakhstan said they were looking for two possible unidentified objects that may have impacted in Aktobe Province, adjacent to the affected Russian regions.[61][62] To date, no further announcements have been made.
Injuries and damage
Shattered windows in the foyer of the Chelyabinsk Drama Theatre
The meteor's unpredicted arrival and air burst resulted in considerable injuries. Russian authorities stated that 1,491 people, including 311 children, sought medical attention in Chelyabinsk Oblast within the first few days.[3] Health officials said 112 people had been hospitalised, with two in serious condition. A 52-year-old woman with a broken spine was flown to Moscow for treatment.[20] Most people were hurt by shattered, falling or blown-in glass.[20][63] The intense light from the meteor, momentarily 30 times brighter than the Sun,[34] led to over 180 cases of eye pain, and 70 people subsequently reported temporary flash blindness.[64] Twenty people reported ultraviolet burns similar to sunburn, possibly intensified by the presence of snow on the ground.[64]
A fourth-grade teacher in Chelyabinsk, Yulia Karbysheva, saved 44 children from potentially life threatening imploding window glass cuts. Despite not knowing the origin of the intense flash of light, Karbysheva thought it prudent to take precautionary measures by ordering her students to stay away from the room's windows and to perform a duck and cover maneuver. Karbysheva, who remained standing, was seriously lacerated when the air blast arrived and window glass severed a tendon in one of her arms; however, not one of her students, who she ordered to hide under their desks, suffered a cut.[65]
After the air blast, car alarms went off and mobile phone networks were overloaded with calls.[66] Office buildings in Chelyabinsk were evacuated. Classes for all Chelyabinsk schools were cancelled, mainly due to broken windows.[20] At least 20 children were injured when the windows of a school and kindergarten were blown in at 09:22.[67] Following the event, government officials in Chelyabinsk asked parents to take their children home from schools.[68]
The collapsed roof over the warehouse section of a zinc factory in Chelyabinsk
Approximately 600 m2 (6,500 sq ft) of a roof at a zinc factory collapsed during the incident.[69] Residents in Chelyabinsk whose windows were smashed quickly sought to cover the openings with anything available, because the temperature in Chelyabinsk and the impact area was −15 °C (5 °F).[70] Approximately 100,000 home-owners were affected, according to Chelyabinsk Oblast Governor Mikhail Yurevich.[71] He also said that preserving the water pipes of the city's central heating system was the primary goal of the authorities as they scrambled to contain further post-explosion damage.[20]
By 5 March 2013 the number of damaged buildings was tallied at over 7,200, which included some 6,040 apartment blocks, 293 medical facilities, 718 schools and universities, 100 cultural organizations, and 43 sport facilities, of which only about one and a half percent had not yet been repaired.[4] The oblast's governor estimated the damage to buildings at more than 1 billion rubles[72] (approximately US$33 million). Chelyabinsk authorities said that broken windows of apartment homes, but not the glazing of enclosed balconies, would be replaced at the state's expense.[73] One of the buildings damaged in the blast was the Traktor Sport Palace, home arena of Traktor Chelyabinsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). The arena was closed for inspection, affecting various scheduled events, and possibly the postseason of the KHL.[74]
Reactions
Dmitry Medvedev, the Prime Minister of Russia, confirmed a meteor had struck Russia and said it proves the "entire planet" is vulnerable to meteors and a spaceguard system is needed to protect the planet from similar objects in the future.[15][75] Dmitry Rogozin, the deputy prime minister, proposed that there should be an international programme that would alert countries to "objects of an extraterrestrial origin",[76] also called potentially hazardous objects.
Colonel General Nikolay Bogdanov, commander of the Central Military District, created task forces that were directed to the probable impact areas to search for fragments of the asteroid and to monitor the situation. Meteorites (fragments) measuring 1 to 5 cm (0.39 to 2.0 in) have been found 1 km (0.62 mi) from Chebarkul in the Chelyabinsk region.[77]
On the day of the impact, Bloomberg News reported that the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs had suggested the investigation of creating an "Action Team on Near-Earth Objects", a proposed global asteroid warning network system, in face of 2012 DA14's approach.[78][79] As a result of the impact, two scientists in California have proposed directed-energy weapon technology development as a possible means to protect Earth from asteroids.[80][81]
Further information: Asteroid impact avoidance
Media coverage
External video Meteor Air Burst
Extensive dash cam footage from the atmospheric entry onwards
Explosion eyewitness
Bright light and sound recorded by a stationary surveillance camera
The Russian government put out a brief statement within an hour of the event, but the event was first covered in the US by hockey blog Russian Machine Never Breaks.[82] Discussion on social media sites started almost immediately after the event (including initial scepticism, given the sophistication of modern computer-generated imagery),[83] and heavy coverage by the international media had begun by the time the Associated Press put out a brief report with the Russian government's confirmation less than two hours afterwards.[82][84] Less than 15 hours after the meteor impact, videos of the meteor and its aftermath had been viewed millions of times.[85]
The number of injuries caused by the asteroid led the Internet-search giant Google to remove a Google Doodle from their website, created for the predicted pending arrival of another asteroid, 2012 DA14.[86] New York City planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson stated the Chelyabinsk meteor was unpredicted because no attempt had been made to find and catalogue every 15-metre near-Earth object.[87] In television media interviews shortly afterwards Tyson also noted the disturbing closeness of the two completely unrelated events.
On 27 March 2013 a broadcast episode of NOVA titled "Meteor Strike" documented the Chelyabinsk meteor, including the large amounts of meteoritic science revealed by the numerous videos of the airburst posted online by ordinary citizens. The NOVA program called the video documentation and the related scientific discoveries of the airburst "unprecedented". The documentary also discussed the much greater tragedy "that could have been" had the asteroid entered the Earth's atmosphere more steeply.[43][88]
Impactor orbital parameters
Preliminary orbital solutions for impacting asteroid Source Q q a e i Ω ω
AU (°)
Popova, Jenniskens, Emel'yanenko et al.
(Science 342, 2013, 1069-1073) 2.78
±0.20 0.74
±0.02 1.76
±0.16 0.58
±0.02 4.93
±0.48° 326.442
±0.003° 108.3
±3.8°
Lyytinen via Hankey; AMS[89] 2.53 0.80 1.66 0.52 4.05° 326.43° 116.0°
Zuluaga, Ferrin; ArXiv[90] 2.64 0.82 1.73 0.51 3.45° 326.70° 120.6°
Borovicka, et al.; IAU 3423[91] 2.33 0.77 1.55 0.50 3.6° 326.41° 109.7°
Zuluaga, Ferrin, Geens; arXiv[92] 1.816 0.716 1.26
± 0.05 0.44
± 0.03 2.984° 326.5°
± 0.3° 95.5°
± 2°
Chodas, Chesley; JPL via Sky and Telescope[93] 2.78 0.75 1.73 0.57 4.2°
Insan[94] 1.5 0.5 3°
Proud; GPL[95] 2.23 0.71 1.47 0.52 4.61° 326.53° 96.58°
de la Fuente Marcos; MNRAS: Letters[96] 2.48 0.76 1.62 0.53 3.82° 326.41° 109.44°
Q = Aphelion, q = Perihelion, a = Semi-major axis, e = Eccentricity, i = Inclination,
Ω = Ascending node longitude, ω = Argument of perihelion
Multiple videos of the Chelyabinsk superbolide, particularly from dashboard cameras and traffic cameras, helped to establish the meteor's provenance as an Apollo asteroid.
Sophisticated analysis techniques included the subsequent superposition of nighttime starfield views over recorded daytime images, as well as the plotting of the daytime shadow vectors shown in several online videos.
The radiant of the impacting asteroid was located in the constellation Pegasus in the Northern hemisphere. The radiant was close to the Eastern horizon where the Sun was starting to rise.
The asteroid belonged to the Apollo group of near-Earth asteroids, and was roughly 40 days past perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) and had aphelion (furthest distance from the Sun) in the asteroid belt. Several groups independently derived very similar orbits for the object. The Apollo asteroid 2011 EO40 is the most likely candidate for the role of the parent body of the Chelyabinsk superbolide.
The radiant of the impacting asteroid was located in the constellation Pegasus in the Northern hemisphere. The radiant was close to the Eastern horizon where the Sun was starting to rise.
The asteroid belonged to the Apollo group of near-Earth asteroids, and was roughly 40 days past perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) and had aphelion (furthest distance from the Sun) in the asteroid belt. Several groups independently derived very similar orbits for the object. The Apollo asteroid 2011 EO40 is the most likely candidate for the role of the parent body of the Chelyabinsk superbolide.
Meteorite scramble
In the aftermath of the air burst of the body, a large number of small meteorites fell on areas west of Chelyabinsk, generally at terminal velocity, about the speed of a piece of gravel dropped from a skyscraper. Local residents and schoolchildren located and picked up some of the meteorites, many located in snowdrifts, by following a visible hole that had been left in the outer surface of the snow. Speculators have been active in the informal market that has rapidly emerged for meteorite fragments.
In the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, 7 gold medals that can be earned during eighth day medal events (15 February 2014) will feature fragments of the Chelyabinsk meteorite. Medal events planned at that day are: the men’s 1,500-meter speedskating, the women’s 1,000 and men’s 1,500 short track, the women’s cross-country skiing relay, the men’s K-125 ski jump, the women’s super giant slalom and the men’s skeleton.Coincidental asteroid approach
Comparison of the former orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor (larger elliptical blue orbit) and asteroid 2012 DA14 (smaller circular blue orbit), showing that they are dissimilar.
Preliminary calculations showed the object was not related to 15 February close approach of what was at the time known as asteroid 2012 DA14 (later named 367943 Duende) that passed the Earth 16 hours later at a distance of 27,700 km. The Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, Russian sources, the European Space Agency, NASA and the Royal Astronomical Society all indicated the two objects could not have been related because the two asteroids had widely different trajectories. However, further analysis revealed that before its intersection with the Earth, the orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor around the sun was similar to a larger asteroid, the 2 km object (86039) 1999 NC43, suggesting that the two bodies may once have been part of the same object.
In the aftermath of the air burst of the body, a large number of small meteorites fell on areas west of Chelyabinsk, generally at terminal velocity, about the speed of a piece of gravel dropped from a skyscraper. Local residents and schoolchildren located and picked up some of the meteorites, many located in snowdrifts, by following a visible hole that had been left in the outer surface of the snow. Speculators have been active in the informal market that has rapidly emerged for meteorite fragments.
In the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, 7 gold medals that can be earned during eighth day medal events (15 February 2014) will feature fragments of the Chelyabinsk meteorite. Medal events planned at that day are: the men’s 1,500-meter speedskating, the women’s 1,000 and men’s 1,500 short track, the women’s cross-country skiing relay, the men’s K-125 ski jump, the women’s super giant slalom and the men’s skeleton.Coincidental asteroid approach
Comparison of the former orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor (larger elliptical blue orbit) and asteroid 2012 DA14 (smaller circular blue orbit), showing that they are dissimilar.
Preliminary calculations showed the object was not related to 15 February close approach of what was at the time known as asteroid 2012 DA14 (later named 367943 Duende) that passed the Earth 16 hours later at a distance of 27,700 km. The Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, Russian sources, the European Space Agency, NASA and the Royal Astronomical Society all indicated the two objects could not have been related because the two asteroids had widely different trajectories. However, further analysis revealed that before its intersection with the Earth, the orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor around the sun was similar to a larger asteroid, the 2 km object (86039) 1999 NC43, suggesting that the two bodies may once have been part of the same object.
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