Asma adalah keadaan saluran napas yang mengalami penyempitan karena hiperaktivitas terhadap rangsangan tertentu, yang menyebabkan peradangan; penyempitan ini bersifat sementara.
Asthma is a state of airway narrowing due to hyperactivity to certain stimuli, which cause inflammation; constriction is temporary.
Pada penderita asma, penyempitan saluran pernapasan merupakan respon terhadap rangsangan yang pada paru-paru normal tidak akan memengaruhi saluran pernapasan. Penyempitan ini dapat dipicu oleh berbagai rangsangan, seperti serbuk sari, debu, bulu binatang, asap, udara dingin dan olahraga.
Pada suatu serangan asma, otot polos dari bronki mengalami kejang dan jaringan yang melapisi saluran udara mengalami pembengkakan karena adanya peradangan (inflamasi) dan pelepasan lendir ke dalam saluran udara. Hal ini akan memperkecil diameter dari saluran udara (disebut bronkokonstriksi) dan penyempitan ini menyebabkan penderita harus berusaha sekuat tenaga supaya dapat bernapas.
Sel-sel tertentu di dalam saluran udara, terutama mastosit diduga bertanggungjawab terhadap awal mula terjadinya penyempitan ini. Mastosit di sepanjang bronki melepaskan bahan seperti histamin dan leukotrien yang menyebabkan terjadinya: - kontraksi otot polos - peningkatan pembentukan lendir - perpindahan sel darah putih tertentu ke bronki. Mastosit mengeluarkan bahan tersebut sebagai respon terhadap sesuatu yang mereka kenal sebagai benda asing (alergen), seperti serbuk sari, debu halus yang terdapat di dalam rumah atau bulu binatang.
Tetapi asma juga bisa terjadi pada beberapa orang tanpa alergi tertentu. Reaksi yang sama terjadi jika orang tersebut melakukan olah raga atau berada dalam cuaca dingin. Stres dan kecemasan juga bisa memicu dilepaskannya histamin dan leukotrien.
Sel lainnya yakni eosinofil yang ditemukan di dalam saluran udara penderita asma melepaskan bahan lainnya (juga leukotrien), yang juga menyebabkan penyempitan saluran udara.
Asma juga dapat disebabkan oleh tingginya rasio plasma bilirubin sebagai akibat dari stres oksidatif yang dipicu oleh oksidan.
Pada suatu serangan asma, otot polos dari bronki mengalami kejang dan jaringan yang melapisi saluran udara mengalami pembengkakan karena adanya peradangan (inflamasi) dan pelepasan lendir ke dalam saluran udara. Hal ini akan memperkecil diameter dari saluran udara (disebut bronkokonstriksi) dan penyempitan ini menyebabkan penderita harus berusaha sekuat tenaga supaya dapat bernapas.
Sel-sel tertentu di dalam saluran udara, terutama mastosit diduga bertanggungjawab terhadap awal mula terjadinya penyempitan ini. Mastosit di sepanjang bronki melepaskan bahan seperti histamin dan leukotrien yang menyebabkan terjadinya: - kontraksi otot polos - peningkatan pembentukan lendir - perpindahan sel darah putih tertentu ke bronki. Mastosit mengeluarkan bahan tersebut sebagai respon terhadap sesuatu yang mereka kenal sebagai benda asing (alergen), seperti serbuk sari, debu halus yang terdapat di dalam rumah atau bulu binatang.
Tetapi asma juga bisa terjadi pada beberapa orang tanpa alergi tertentu. Reaksi yang sama terjadi jika orang tersebut melakukan olah raga atau berada dalam cuaca dingin. Stres dan kecemasan juga bisa memicu dilepaskannya histamin dan leukotrien.
Sel lainnya yakni eosinofil yang ditemukan di dalam saluran udara penderita asma melepaskan bahan lainnya (juga leukotrien), yang juga menyebabkan penyempitan saluran udara.
Asma juga dapat disebabkan oleh tingginya rasio plasma bilirubin sebagai akibat dari stres oksidatif yang dipicu oleh oksidan.
In patients with asthma , airway narrowing in response to stimuli that in normal lung will not affect the respiratory tract . This narrowing can be triggered by various stimuli , such as pollen , dust , animal dander , smoke , cold air and exercise .
In an asthma attack , the smooth muscle of the bronchi have seizures and the tissue that lines the airways have swollen due to inflammation ( inflammation ) and release mucus in the airways . This will reduce the diameter of the airways ( called bronchoconstriction ) and this causes narrowing of the patient must exert every effort in order to breathe .
Certain cells in the airways , particularly mast cells thought to be responsible for the beginning of this constriction . Mast cells along the bronchi releasing materials such as histamine and leukotrienes that cause : - smooth muscle contraction - an increased formation of mucus - the displacement of certain white blood cells into the bronchi . Mast cells secrete the material in response to something they know as a foreign body ( allergens ) such as pollen , fine dust present in the home or fur.
But asthma can also occur in some people without specific allergies . The same reaction occurs when the person is exercising or being in cold weather . Stress and anxiety can also trigger the release of histamine and leukotrienes .
Other cells that eosinophils are found in the airways of patients with asthma release other materials ( also leukotrienes ) , which also causes narrowing of the airways .
Asthma can also be caused by the high ratio of plasma bilirubin as a result of oxidative stress triggered by oxidants .
In an asthma attack , the smooth muscle of the bronchi have seizures and the tissue that lines the airways have swollen due to inflammation ( inflammation ) and release mucus in the airways . This will reduce the diameter of the airways ( called bronchoconstriction ) and this causes narrowing of the patient must exert every effort in order to breathe .
Certain cells in the airways , particularly mast cells thought to be responsible for the beginning of this constriction . Mast cells along the bronchi releasing materials such as histamine and leukotrienes that cause : - smooth muscle contraction - an increased formation of mucus - the displacement of certain white blood cells into the bronchi . Mast cells secrete the material in response to something they know as a foreign body ( allergens ) such as pollen , fine dust present in the home or fur.
But asthma can also occur in some people without specific allergies . The same reaction occurs when the person is exercising or being in cold weather . Stress and anxiety can also trigger the release of histamine and leukotrienes .
Other cells that eosinophils are found in the airways of patients with asthma release other materials ( also leukotrienes ) , which also causes narrowing of the airways .
Asthma can also be caused by the high ratio of plasma bilirubin as a result of oxidative stress triggered by oxidants .
Frekuensi dan beratnya serangan asma bervariasi. Beberapa penderita lebih sering terbebas dari gejala dan hanya mengalami serangan serangan sesak napas yang singkat dan ringan, yang terjadi sewaktu-waktu. Penderita lainnya hampir selalu mengalami batuk dan mengi (bengek) serta mengalami serangan hebat setelah menderita suatu infeksi virus, olah raga atau setelah terpapar oleh alergen maupun iritan. Menangis atau tertawa keras juga bisa menyebabkan timbulnya gejala dan juga sering batuk berkepanjangan terutama di waktu malam hari atau cuaca dingin.
Suatu serangan asma dapat terjadi secara tiba-tiba ditandai dengan napas yang berbunyi (mengi, bengek), batuk dan sesak napas. Bunyi mengi terutama terdengar ketika penderita menghembuskan napasnya. Di lain waktu, suatu serangan asma terjadi secara perlahan dengan gejala yang secara bertahap semakin memburuk. Pada kedua keadaan tersebut, yang pertama kali dirasakan oleh seorang penderita asma adalah sesak napas, batuk atau rasa sesak di dada. Serangan bisa berlangsung dalam beberapa menit atau bisa berlangsung sampai beberapa jam, bahkan selama beberapa hari.
Gejala awal pada anak-anak bisa berupa rasa gatal di dada atau di leher. Batuk kering di malam hari atau ketika melakukan olah raga juga bisa merupakan satu-satunya gejala.
Selama serangan asma, sesak napas bisa menjadi semakin berat, sehingga timbul rasa cemas. Sebagai reaksi terhadap kecemasan, penderita juga akan mengeluarkan banyak keringat.
Pada serangan yang sangat berat, penderita menjadi sulit untuk berbicara karena sesaknya sangat hebat. Kebingungan, letargi (keadaan kesadaran yang menurun, dimana penderita seperti tidur lelap, tetapi dapat dibangunkan sebentar kemudian segera tertidur kembali) dan sianosis (kulit tampak kebiruan) merupakan pertanda bahwa persediaan oksigen penderita sangat terbatas dan perlu segera dilakukan pengobatan. Meskipun telah mengalami serangan yang berat, biasanya penderita akan sembuh sempurna,
Kadang beberapa alveoli (kantong udara di paru-paru) bisa pecah dan menyebabkan udara terkumpul di dalam rongga pleura atau menyebabkan udara terkumpul di sekitar organ dada. Hal ini akan memperburuk sesak yang dirasakan oleh penderita.
Suatu serangan asma dapat terjadi secara tiba-tiba ditandai dengan napas yang berbunyi (mengi, bengek), batuk dan sesak napas. Bunyi mengi terutama terdengar ketika penderita menghembuskan napasnya. Di lain waktu, suatu serangan asma terjadi secara perlahan dengan gejala yang secara bertahap semakin memburuk. Pada kedua keadaan tersebut, yang pertama kali dirasakan oleh seorang penderita asma adalah sesak napas, batuk atau rasa sesak di dada. Serangan bisa berlangsung dalam beberapa menit atau bisa berlangsung sampai beberapa jam, bahkan selama beberapa hari.
Gejala awal pada anak-anak bisa berupa rasa gatal di dada atau di leher. Batuk kering di malam hari atau ketika melakukan olah raga juga bisa merupakan satu-satunya gejala.
Selama serangan asma, sesak napas bisa menjadi semakin berat, sehingga timbul rasa cemas. Sebagai reaksi terhadap kecemasan, penderita juga akan mengeluarkan banyak keringat.
Pada serangan yang sangat berat, penderita menjadi sulit untuk berbicara karena sesaknya sangat hebat. Kebingungan, letargi (keadaan kesadaran yang menurun, dimana penderita seperti tidur lelap, tetapi dapat dibangunkan sebentar kemudian segera tertidur kembali) dan sianosis (kulit tampak kebiruan) merupakan pertanda bahwa persediaan oksigen penderita sangat terbatas dan perlu segera dilakukan pengobatan. Meskipun telah mengalami serangan yang berat, biasanya penderita akan sembuh sempurna,
Kadang beberapa alveoli (kantong udara di paru-paru) bisa pecah dan menyebabkan udara terkumpul di dalam rongga pleura atau menyebabkan udara terkumpul di sekitar organ dada. Hal ini akan memperburuk sesak yang dirasakan oleh penderita.
The frequency and severity of asthma attacks vary . Some
people more often free of symptoms and only suffered a brief attack of
shortness of breath and light , which happens from time to time . Other
patients almost always have cough and wheezing ( asthma) and
experienced a severe attack after suffering from a viral infection ,
exercise or after exposure to allergens and irritants . Crying
or laughing hard can also cause symptoms and is often prolonged cough ,
especially at night or when the weather is cold .
An asthma attack can occur suddenly marked by wheezing ( wheezing , asthma) , cough and shortness of breath . Especially wheezing sound when the patient breathed . At other times , an asthma attack occurs slowly with symptoms gradually worsened. In the second situation , which was first perceived by a person with asthma are shortness of breath , cough or tightness in the chest . Attacks can take place within a few minutes or can last up to several hours , even for a few days .
Early symptoms in children may include itching in the chest or in the neck . Dry cough at night or when the exercise can also be the only symptom .
During asthma attacks , shortness of breath can be more severe , causing anxiety . As a reaction to anxiety , patients will also be spending a lot of sweat .
In very severe attack , the patient became difficult to speak because of crowded very great . Confusion , lethargy ( decreased consciousness state , where people like to sleep soundly , but can be aroused briefly and then promptly fell asleep again ) and cyanosis ( bluish skin look ) is a sign that people with very limited supply of oxygen and needs immediate treatment . Although it has undergone severe attacks , the patient will usually recover completely ,
Sometimes some of the alveoli ( air pockets in the lungs ) can rupture and cause air collects in the pleural cavity or cause air collects around the organs in the chest . This will exacerbate the tightness felt by the patient .
An asthma attack can occur suddenly marked by wheezing ( wheezing , asthma) , cough and shortness of breath . Especially wheezing sound when the patient breathed . At other times , an asthma attack occurs slowly with symptoms gradually worsened. In the second situation , which was first perceived by a person with asthma are shortness of breath , cough or tightness in the chest . Attacks can take place within a few minutes or can last up to several hours , even for a few days .
Early symptoms in children may include itching in the chest or in the neck . Dry cough at night or when the exercise can also be the only symptom .
During asthma attacks , shortness of breath can be more severe , causing anxiety . As a reaction to anxiety , patients will also be spending a lot of sweat .
In very severe attack , the patient became difficult to speak because of crowded very great . Confusion , lethargy ( decreased consciousness state , where people like to sleep soundly , but can be aroused briefly and then promptly fell asleep again ) and cyanosis ( bluish skin look ) is a sign that people with very limited supply of oxygen and needs immediate treatment . Although it has undergone severe attacks , the patient will usually recover completely ,
Sometimes some of the alveoli ( air pockets in the lungs ) can rupture and cause air collects in the pleural cavity or cause air collects around the organs in the chest . This will exacerbate the tightness felt by the patient .
Diagnosis ditegakkan berdasarkan gejalanya yang khas.
Untuk memperkuat diagnosis bisa dilakukan pemeriksaan spirometri berulang. Spirometri juga digunakan untuk menilai beratnya penyumbatan saluran udara dan untuk memantau pengobatan.
Menentukan faktor pemicu asma seringkali tidak mudah. Tes kulit alergi bisa membantu menentukan alergen yang memicu timbulnya gejala asma. Jika diagnosisnya masih meragukan atau jika dirasa sangat penting untuk mengetahui faktor pemicu terjadinya asma, maka bisa dilakukan bronchial challenge test.
Obat-obatan bisa membuat penderita asma menjalani kehidupan normal. Pengobatan segera untuk mengendalikan serangan asma berbeda dengan pengobatan rutin untuk mencegah serangan.
Agonis reseptor beta-adrenergik merupakan obat terbaik untuk mengurangi serangan asma yang terjadi secara tiba-tiba dan untuk mencegah serangan yang mungkin dipicu oleh olahraga. Bronkodilator ini merangsang pelebaran saluran udara oleh reseptor beta-adrenergik.
Bronkodilator yang bekerja pada semua reseptor beta-adrenergik (misalnya adrenalin), menyebabkan efek samping berupa denyut jantung yang cepat, gelisah, sakit kepala dan tremor (gemetar) otot. Bronkodilator yang hanya bekerja pada reseptor beta2-adrenergik (yang terutama ditemukan di dalam sel-sel di paru-paru), hanya memiliki sedikit efek samping terhadap organ lainnya. Bronkodilator ini (misalnya albuterol), menyebabkan lebih sedikit efek samping dibandingkan dengan bronkodilator yang bekerja pada semua reseptor beta-adrenergik.
Sebagian besar bronkodilator bekerja dalam beberapa menit, tetapi efeknya hanya berlangsung selama 4-6 jam. Bronkodilator yang lebih baru memiliki efek yang lebih panjang, tetapi karena mula kerjanya lebih lambat, maka obat ini lebih banyak digunakan untuk mencegah serangan.
Bronkodilator tersedia dalam bentuk tablet, suntikan atau inhaler (obat yang dihirup) dan sangat efektif. Penghirupan bronkodilator akan mengendapkan obat langsung di dalam saluran udara, sehingga mula kerjanya cepat, tetapi tidak dapat menjangkau saluran udara yang mengalami penyumbatan berat. Bronkodilator per-oral (ditelan) dan suntikan dapat menjangkau daerah tersebut, tetapi memiliki efek samping dan mula kerjanya cenderung lebih lambat.
Jenis bronkodilator lainnya adalah theophylline. Theophylline biasanya diberikan per-oral (ditelan); tersedia dalam berbagai bentuk, mulai dari tablet dan sirup short-acting sampai kapsul dan tablet long-acting. Pada serangan asma yang berat, bisa diberikan secara intravena (melalui pembuluh darah).
Jumlah theophylline di dalam darah bisa diukur di laboratorium dan harus dipantau secara ketat, karena jumlah yang terlalu sedikit tidak akan memberikan efek, sedangkan jumlah yang terlalu banyak bisa menyebabkan irama jantung abnormal atau kejang. Pada saat pertama kali mengonsumsi theophylline, penderita bisa merasakan sedikit mual atau gelisah. Kedua efek samping tersebut, biasanya hilang saat tubuh dapat menyesuaikan diri dengan obat. Pada dosis yang lebih besar, penderita bisa merasakan denyut jantung yang cepat atau palpitasi (jantung berdebar). Juga bisa terjadi insomnia (sulit tidur), agitasi (kecemasan, ketakuatan), muntah, dan kejang.
Corticosteroid menghalangi respon peradangan dan sangat efektif dalam mengurangi gejala asma. Jika digunakan dalam jangka panjang, secara bertahap corticosteroid akan menyebabkan berkurangnya kecenderungan terjadinya serangan asma dengan mengurangi kepekaan saluran udara terhadap sejumlah rangsangan.
Tetapi penggunaan tablet atau suntikan corticosteroid jangka panjang bisa menyebabkan:
gangguan proses penyembuhan luka
terhambatnya pertumbuhan anak-anak
hilangnya kalsium dari tulang
perdarahan lambung
katarak prematur
peningkatan kadar gula darah
penambahan berat badan
kelaparan
kelainan mental.
Tablet atau suntikan corticosteroid bisa digunakan selama 1-2 minggu untuk mengurangi serangan asma yang berat. Untuk penggunaan jangka panjang biasanya diberikan inhaler corticosteroid karena dengan inhaler, obat yang sampai di paru-paru 50 kali lebih banyak dibandingkan obat yang sampai ke bagian tubuh lainnya. Corticosteroid per-oral (ditelan) diberikan untuk jangka panjang hanya jika pengobatan lainnya tidak dapat mengendalikan gejala asma.
Cromolin dan nedocromil diduga menghalangi pelepasan bahan peradangan dari sel mast dan menyebabkan berkurangnya kemungkinan pengkerutan saluran udara. Obat ini digunakan untuk mencegah terjadinya serangan, bukan untuk mengobati serangan. Obat ini terutama efektif untuk anak-anak dan untuk asma karena olah raga. Obat ini sangat aman, tetapi relatif mahal dan harus diminum secara teratur meskipun penderita bebas gejala.
Obat antikolinergik (contohnya atropin dan ipratropium bromida) bekerja dengan menghalangi kontraksi otot polos dan pembentukan lendir yang berlebihan di dalam bronkus oleh asetilkolin. Lebih jauh lagi, obat ini akan menyebabkan pelebaran saluran udara pada penderita yang sebelumnya telah mengonsumsi agonis reseptor beta2-adrenergik.
Pengubah leukotrien (contohnya montelucas, zafirlucas dan zileuton) merupakan obat terbaru untuk membantu mengendalikan asma. Obat ini mencegah aksi atau pembentukan leukotrien (bahan kimia yang dibuat oleh tubuh yang menyebabkan terjadinya gejala-gejala asma).
Suatu serangan asma harus mendapatkan pengobatan sesegera mungkin untuk membuka saluran pernapasan. Obat yang digunakan untuk mencegah juga digunakan untuk mengobati asma, tetapi dalam dosis yang lebih tinggi atau dalam bentuk yang berbeda.
Agonis reseptor beta-adrenergik digunakan dalam bentuk inhaler (obat hirup) atau sebagai nebulizer (untuk sesak napas yang sangat berat). Nebulizer mengarahkan udara atau oksigen dibawah tekanan melalui suatu larutan obat, sehingga menghasilkan kabut untuk dihirup oleh penderita.
Pengobatan asma juga bisa dilakukan dengan memberikan suntikan epinephrine atau terbutaline di bawah kulit dan aminophyllins theophylline) melalui infus intravena.
Penderita yang mengalami serangan hebat dan tidak menunjukkan perbaikan terhadap pengobatan lainnya, bisa mendapatkan suntikan corticosteroid, biasanya secara intravena (melalui pembuluh darah).
Pada serangan asma yang berat biasanya kadar oksigen darahnya rendah, sehingga diberikan tambahan oksigen. Jika terjadi dehidrasi, mungkin perlu diberikan cairan intravena. Jika diduga terjadi infeksi, diberikan antibiotik.
Selama suatu serangan asma yang berat, dilakukan:
pemeriksaan kadar oksigen dan karbondioksida dalam darah
pemeriksaan fungsi paru-paru (biasanya dengan spirometer atau peak flow meter)
pemeriksaan rontgen dada.
Salah satu pengobatan asma yang paling efektif adalah inhaler yang mengandung agonis reseptor beta-adrenergik. Penggunaan inhaler yang berlebihan bisa menyebabkan terjadinya gangguan irama jantung.
Jika pemakaian inhaler bronkodilator sebanyak 2-4 kali/hari selama 1 bulan tidak mampu mengurangi gejala, bisa ditambahkan inhaler corticosteroid, cromolin atau pengubah leukotrien. Jika gejalanya menetap, terutama pada malam hari, juga bisa ditambahkan theophylline per-oral.
Untuk memperkuat diagnosis bisa dilakukan pemeriksaan spirometri berulang. Spirometri juga digunakan untuk menilai beratnya penyumbatan saluran udara dan untuk memantau pengobatan.
Menentukan faktor pemicu asma seringkali tidak mudah. Tes kulit alergi bisa membantu menentukan alergen yang memicu timbulnya gejala asma. Jika diagnosisnya masih meragukan atau jika dirasa sangat penting untuk mengetahui faktor pemicu terjadinya asma, maka bisa dilakukan bronchial challenge test.
Obat-obatan bisa membuat penderita asma menjalani kehidupan normal. Pengobatan segera untuk mengendalikan serangan asma berbeda dengan pengobatan rutin untuk mencegah serangan.
Agonis reseptor beta-adrenergik merupakan obat terbaik untuk mengurangi serangan asma yang terjadi secara tiba-tiba dan untuk mencegah serangan yang mungkin dipicu oleh olahraga. Bronkodilator ini merangsang pelebaran saluran udara oleh reseptor beta-adrenergik.
Bronkodilator yang bekerja pada semua reseptor beta-adrenergik (misalnya adrenalin), menyebabkan efek samping berupa denyut jantung yang cepat, gelisah, sakit kepala dan tremor (gemetar) otot. Bronkodilator yang hanya bekerja pada reseptor beta2-adrenergik (yang terutama ditemukan di dalam sel-sel di paru-paru), hanya memiliki sedikit efek samping terhadap organ lainnya. Bronkodilator ini (misalnya albuterol), menyebabkan lebih sedikit efek samping dibandingkan dengan bronkodilator yang bekerja pada semua reseptor beta-adrenergik.
Sebagian besar bronkodilator bekerja dalam beberapa menit, tetapi efeknya hanya berlangsung selama 4-6 jam. Bronkodilator yang lebih baru memiliki efek yang lebih panjang, tetapi karena mula kerjanya lebih lambat, maka obat ini lebih banyak digunakan untuk mencegah serangan.
Bronkodilator tersedia dalam bentuk tablet, suntikan atau inhaler (obat yang dihirup) dan sangat efektif. Penghirupan bronkodilator akan mengendapkan obat langsung di dalam saluran udara, sehingga mula kerjanya cepat, tetapi tidak dapat menjangkau saluran udara yang mengalami penyumbatan berat. Bronkodilator per-oral (ditelan) dan suntikan dapat menjangkau daerah tersebut, tetapi memiliki efek samping dan mula kerjanya cenderung lebih lambat.
Jenis bronkodilator lainnya adalah theophylline. Theophylline biasanya diberikan per-oral (ditelan); tersedia dalam berbagai bentuk, mulai dari tablet dan sirup short-acting sampai kapsul dan tablet long-acting. Pada serangan asma yang berat, bisa diberikan secara intravena (melalui pembuluh darah).
Jumlah theophylline di dalam darah bisa diukur di laboratorium dan harus dipantau secara ketat, karena jumlah yang terlalu sedikit tidak akan memberikan efek, sedangkan jumlah yang terlalu banyak bisa menyebabkan irama jantung abnormal atau kejang. Pada saat pertama kali mengonsumsi theophylline, penderita bisa merasakan sedikit mual atau gelisah. Kedua efek samping tersebut, biasanya hilang saat tubuh dapat menyesuaikan diri dengan obat. Pada dosis yang lebih besar, penderita bisa merasakan denyut jantung yang cepat atau palpitasi (jantung berdebar). Juga bisa terjadi insomnia (sulit tidur), agitasi (kecemasan, ketakuatan), muntah, dan kejang.
Corticosteroid menghalangi respon peradangan dan sangat efektif dalam mengurangi gejala asma. Jika digunakan dalam jangka panjang, secara bertahap corticosteroid akan menyebabkan berkurangnya kecenderungan terjadinya serangan asma dengan mengurangi kepekaan saluran udara terhadap sejumlah rangsangan.
Tetapi penggunaan tablet atau suntikan corticosteroid jangka panjang bisa menyebabkan:
gangguan proses penyembuhan luka
terhambatnya pertumbuhan anak-anak
hilangnya kalsium dari tulang
perdarahan lambung
katarak prematur
peningkatan kadar gula darah
penambahan berat badan
kelaparan
kelainan mental.
Tablet atau suntikan corticosteroid bisa digunakan selama 1-2 minggu untuk mengurangi serangan asma yang berat. Untuk penggunaan jangka panjang biasanya diberikan inhaler corticosteroid karena dengan inhaler, obat yang sampai di paru-paru 50 kali lebih banyak dibandingkan obat yang sampai ke bagian tubuh lainnya. Corticosteroid per-oral (ditelan) diberikan untuk jangka panjang hanya jika pengobatan lainnya tidak dapat mengendalikan gejala asma.
Cromolin dan nedocromil diduga menghalangi pelepasan bahan peradangan dari sel mast dan menyebabkan berkurangnya kemungkinan pengkerutan saluran udara. Obat ini digunakan untuk mencegah terjadinya serangan, bukan untuk mengobati serangan. Obat ini terutama efektif untuk anak-anak dan untuk asma karena olah raga. Obat ini sangat aman, tetapi relatif mahal dan harus diminum secara teratur meskipun penderita bebas gejala.
Obat antikolinergik (contohnya atropin dan ipratropium bromida) bekerja dengan menghalangi kontraksi otot polos dan pembentukan lendir yang berlebihan di dalam bronkus oleh asetilkolin. Lebih jauh lagi, obat ini akan menyebabkan pelebaran saluran udara pada penderita yang sebelumnya telah mengonsumsi agonis reseptor beta2-adrenergik.
Pengubah leukotrien (contohnya montelucas, zafirlucas dan zileuton) merupakan obat terbaru untuk membantu mengendalikan asma. Obat ini mencegah aksi atau pembentukan leukotrien (bahan kimia yang dibuat oleh tubuh yang menyebabkan terjadinya gejala-gejala asma).
Suatu serangan asma harus mendapatkan pengobatan sesegera mungkin untuk membuka saluran pernapasan. Obat yang digunakan untuk mencegah juga digunakan untuk mengobati asma, tetapi dalam dosis yang lebih tinggi atau dalam bentuk yang berbeda.
Agonis reseptor beta-adrenergik digunakan dalam bentuk inhaler (obat hirup) atau sebagai nebulizer (untuk sesak napas yang sangat berat). Nebulizer mengarahkan udara atau oksigen dibawah tekanan melalui suatu larutan obat, sehingga menghasilkan kabut untuk dihirup oleh penderita.
Pengobatan asma juga bisa dilakukan dengan memberikan suntikan epinephrine atau terbutaline di bawah kulit dan aminophyllins theophylline) melalui infus intravena.
Penderita yang mengalami serangan hebat dan tidak menunjukkan perbaikan terhadap pengobatan lainnya, bisa mendapatkan suntikan corticosteroid, biasanya secara intravena (melalui pembuluh darah).
Pada serangan asma yang berat biasanya kadar oksigen darahnya rendah, sehingga diberikan tambahan oksigen. Jika terjadi dehidrasi, mungkin perlu diberikan cairan intravena. Jika diduga terjadi infeksi, diberikan antibiotik.
Selama suatu serangan asma yang berat, dilakukan:
pemeriksaan kadar oksigen dan karbondioksida dalam darah
pemeriksaan fungsi paru-paru (biasanya dengan spirometer atau peak flow meter)
pemeriksaan rontgen dada.
Salah satu pengobatan asma yang paling efektif adalah inhaler yang mengandung agonis reseptor beta-adrenergik. Penggunaan inhaler yang berlebihan bisa menyebabkan terjadinya gangguan irama jantung.
Jika pemakaian inhaler bronkodilator sebanyak 2-4 kali/hari selama 1 bulan tidak mampu mengurangi gejala, bisa ditambahkan inhaler corticosteroid, cromolin atau pengubah leukotrien. Jika gejalanya menetap, terutama pada malam hari, juga bisa ditambahkan theophylline per-oral.
Diagnosis based on characteristic symptoms .
To confirm the diagnosis can be repeated spirometry examination . Spirometry is also used to assess the severity of airway obstruction and to monitor treatment .
Determining factors triggering asthma is often not easy . Allergy skin test can help determine the allergens that trigger asthma symptoms . If the diagnosis is still doubtful , or if it is considered very important to know the factors trigger asthma , it can be done bronchial challenge test .
Drugs can make asthma sufferers to live normal lives . Immediate treatment to control asthma attacks in contrast to regular treatment to prevent attacks .
Beta- adrenergic receptor agonist is the best medicine to reduce asthma attacks that occur suddenly and to prevent attacks that may be triggered by exercise . This bronchodilators widening the airways by stimulating beta - adrenergic receptors .
Bronchodilator which works on all the beta- adrenergic receptors ( eg adrenaline ) , causing side effects such as rapid heartbeat , restlessness , headaches and tremors ( shaking ) muscle . Bronchodilators are only working on beta2 - adrenergic receptors ( which are mainly found in cells in the lungs ) , has little side effects on other organs . This bronchodilators ( eg, albuterol ) , causes fewer side effects compared with bronchodilators that work on all the beta- adrenergic receptors .
Most of bronchodilators work within a few minutes , but the effect only lasts for 4-6 hours . Newer bronchodilators have a longer effect , but because it works more slowly at first , then the drug is more widely used to prevent attacks .
Bronchodilator available as tablets , injections or inhalers ( inhaled medications ) and very effective . Inhalation of bronchodilator drugs will precipitate directly in the airways , thus beginning his fast , but can not reach the airways experiencing severe blockage . Bronchodilators per - oral ( swallowed ) and injection can reach the area, but it has side effects and early works tend to be slower .
Another type of bronchodilator theophylline . Theophylline is usually given by mouth ( swallowed ), available in a variety of forms , ranging from tablets and syrup to a short-acting capsules and long-acting tablets . In severe asthma attack , can be given intravenously ( through a vein ) .
The amount of theophylline in the blood can be measured in the laboratory and should be monitored closely , because the amount is too small will have no effect , while the number is too much can cause abnormal heart rhythms or seizures . The first time taking theophylline , the patient may feel a bit queasy or uneasy . Both of these side effects usually disappear when the body can adjust to the medication . In larger doses , the patient can feel the rapid heartbeat or palpitations ( heart pounding ) . Can also occur insomnia ( difficulty sleeping ) , agitation ( anxiety , phobia ) , vomiting , and seizures .
Corticosteroids block the inflammatory response and is very effective in reducing the symptoms of asthma . If used long term , gradually corticosteroids will cause a reduction in the likelihood of asthma attacks by reducing the sensitivity of the airways to a number of stimuli .
But the use of corticosteroid tablets or injections can lead to long- term :
impaired wound healing process
growth retardation of children
loss of calcium from bone
gastric bleeding
premature cataracts
an increase in blood sugar levels
weight gain
hunger
mental disorders .
Corticosteroid tablets or injections can be used for 1-2 weeks to reduce severe asthma attacks . For long- term use of corticosteroid inhalers are usually given as an inhaler , a drug that reached the lungs 50 times more than the drugs to other body parts . Corticosteroids by mouth ( swallowed ) is given to the long term only if other treatments are not able to control the symptoms of asthma .
Cromolin and nedocromil allegedly blocking the release of inflammation from mast cells and cause a reduction in the possibility of shrinkage airways . This medicine is used to prevent attacks , not to treat an attack . These drugs are particularly effective for children and asthma due to exercise . This drug is very safe , but relatively expensive and must be taken regularly even if the patient is free of symptoms .
Anticholinergic agents ( eg atropine and ipratropium bromide ) works by blocking the formation of smooth muscle contraction and excessive mucus in the bronchi by acetylcholine . Furthermore , this drug will cause dilation of airways in patients who had previously been taking beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist .
Leukotriene modifiers ( eg montelucas , zafirlucas and zileuton ) is a new drug to help control asthma . These drugs prevent the action or formation of leukotrienes ( chemicals made by the body that cause the symptoms of asthma ) .
An asthma attack should get treatment as soon as possible to open up the respiratory tract . Drugs used to prevent is also used to treat asthma , but in higher doses or in different forms .
Beta- adrenergic receptor agonist used in the form of inhalers ( inhaled medications ) or as a nebulizer ( for very severe shortness of breath ) . Nebulizer direct air or oxygen under pressure through a solution of the drug , resulting in a mist to be inhaled by the patient .
Asthma treatment can also be done by giving epinephrine or terbutaline injection under the skin and aminophyllins theophylline ) by intravenous infusion .
Patients who experience severe attack and showed no improvement on other treatments , can get corticosteroid injections , usually intravenously ( through a vein ) .
In severe asthma attacks are usually low blood oxygen levels , so given supplemental oxygen . In the event of dehydration , intravenous fluids may be given . If an infection is suspected , antibiotics are given.
During a severe asthma attack , carried out :
examination of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood
Lung function tests ( usually with a spirometer or peak flow meter )
chest X-ray examination .
One of the most effective treatment of asthma is an inhaler containing a beta- adrenergic receptor agonist . Excessive use of inhalers can cause heart rhythm disturbances .
If the use of a bronchodilator inhaler 2-4 times / day for 1 month is not able to reduce the symptoms , corticosteroids can be added inhalers , leukotriene modifiers cromolin or . If symptoms persist , especially at night , can also be added theophylline by mouth .
To confirm the diagnosis can be repeated spirometry examination . Spirometry is also used to assess the severity of airway obstruction and to monitor treatment .
Determining factors triggering asthma is often not easy . Allergy skin test can help determine the allergens that trigger asthma symptoms . If the diagnosis is still doubtful , or if it is considered very important to know the factors trigger asthma , it can be done bronchial challenge test .
Drugs can make asthma sufferers to live normal lives . Immediate treatment to control asthma attacks in contrast to regular treatment to prevent attacks .
Beta- adrenergic receptor agonist is the best medicine to reduce asthma attacks that occur suddenly and to prevent attacks that may be triggered by exercise . This bronchodilators widening the airways by stimulating beta - adrenergic receptors .
Bronchodilator which works on all the beta- adrenergic receptors ( eg adrenaline ) , causing side effects such as rapid heartbeat , restlessness , headaches and tremors ( shaking ) muscle . Bronchodilators are only working on beta2 - adrenergic receptors ( which are mainly found in cells in the lungs ) , has little side effects on other organs . This bronchodilators ( eg, albuterol ) , causes fewer side effects compared with bronchodilators that work on all the beta- adrenergic receptors .
Most of bronchodilators work within a few minutes , but the effect only lasts for 4-6 hours . Newer bronchodilators have a longer effect , but because it works more slowly at first , then the drug is more widely used to prevent attacks .
Bronchodilator available as tablets , injections or inhalers ( inhaled medications ) and very effective . Inhalation of bronchodilator drugs will precipitate directly in the airways , thus beginning his fast , but can not reach the airways experiencing severe blockage . Bronchodilators per - oral ( swallowed ) and injection can reach the area, but it has side effects and early works tend to be slower .
Another type of bronchodilator theophylline . Theophylline is usually given by mouth ( swallowed ), available in a variety of forms , ranging from tablets and syrup to a short-acting capsules and long-acting tablets . In severe asthma attack , can be given intravenously ( through a vein ) .
The amount of theophylline in the blood can be measured in the laboratory and should be monitored closely , because the amount is too small will have no effect , while the number is too much can cause abnormal heart rhythms or seizures . The first time taking theophylline , the patient may feel a bit queasy or uneasy . Both of these side effects usually disappear when the body can adjust to the medication . In larger doses , the patient can feel the rapid heartbeat or palpitations ( heart pounding ) . Can also occur insomnia ( difficulty sleeping ) , agitation ( anxiety , phobia ) , vomiting , and seizures .
Corticosteroids block the inflammatory response and is very effective in reducing the symptoms of asthma . If used long term , gradually corticosteroids will cause a reduction in the likelihood of asthma attacks by reducing the sensitivity of the airways to a number of stimuli .
But the use of corticosteroid tablets or injections can lead to long- term :
impaired wound healing process
growth retardation of children
loss of calcium from bone
gastric bleeding
premature cataracts
an increase in blood sugar levels
weight gain
hunger
mental disorders .
Corticosteroid tablets or injections can be used for 1-2 weeks to reduce severe asthma attacks . For long- term use of corticosteroid inhalers are usually given as an inhaler , a drug that reached the lungs 50 times more than the drugs to other body parts . Corticosteroids by mouth ( swallowed ) is given to the long term only if other treatments are not able to control the symptoms of asthma .
Cromolin and nedocromil allegedly blocking the release of inflammation from mast cells and cause a reduction in the possibility of shrinkage airways . This medicine is used to prevent attacks , not to treat an attack . These drugs are particularly effective for children and asthma due to exercise . This drug is very safe , but relatively expensive and must be taken regularly even if the patient is free of symptoms .
Anticholinergic agents ( eg atropine and ipratropium bromide ) works by blocking the formation of smooth muscle contraction and excessive mucus in the bronchi by acetylcholine . Furthermore , this drug will cause dilation of airways in patients who had previously been taking beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist .
Leukotriene modifiers ( eg montelucas , zafirlucas and zileuton ) is a new drug to help control asthma . These drugs prevent the action or formation of leukotrienes ( chemicals made by the body that cause the symptoms of asthma ) .
An asthma attack should get treatment as soon as possible to open up the respiratory tract . Drugs used to prevent is also used to treat asthma , but in higher doses or in different forms .
Beta- adrenergic receptor agonist used in the form of inhalers ( inhaled medications ) or as a nebulizer ( for very severe shortness of breath ) . Nebulizer direct air or oxygen under pressure through a solution of the drug , resulting in a mist to be inhaled by the patient .
Asthma treatment can also be done by giving epinephrine or terbutaline injection under the skin and aminophyllins theophylline ) by intravenous infusion .
Patients who experience severe attack and showed no improvement on other treatments , can get corticosteroid injections , usually intravenously ( through a vein ) .
In severe asthma attacks are usually low blood oxygen levels , so given supplemental oxygen . In the event of dehydration , intravenous fluids may be given . If an infection is suspected , antibiotics are given.
During a severe asthma attack , carried out :
examination of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood
Lung function tests ( usually with a spirometer or peak flow meter )
chest X-ray examination .
One of the most effective treatment of asthma is an inhaler containing a beta- adrenergic receptor agonist . Excessive use of inhalers can cause heart rhythm disturbances .
If the use of a bronchodilator inhaler 2-4 times / day for 1 month is not able to reduce the symptoms , corticosteroids can be added inhalers , leukotriene modifiers cromolin or . If symptoms persist , especially at night , can also be added theophylline by mouth .
Cara 'baru' menangani asma - How 'new' deal with asthma
13 Agustus 2011
Perawatan asma dengan cara mengisap inhaler banyak digunakan
Kalangan ilmuwan secara tidak
sengaja menemukan cara perawatan baru untuk serangan asma yang bisa
muncul beberapa jam setelah terkena alergi.
Satu tim dari Imperial College London menemukan
bahwa memblokir fungsi sensor syaraf menghentikan "respons asma
tertunda" pada tikus.Lembaga amal Asthma UK menyatakan penelitian ini dapat membantu memahami asma.
Dalam jurnal Thorax, peneliti mengatakan respons asma tertunda terjadi karena zat alergi memicu sensor syaraf di lubang pernafasan.
Reaksi berantai
Syaraf ini kemudian memicu reaksi berantai yang menyebabkan lepasnya neurotransmitter acetylcholine yang menyebabkan lubang pernafasan menyempit.Jika temuan ini diterapkan kepada manusia akan berarti obat yang disebut anticholinergics yang memblokir acetylcholine dapat digunakan untuk merawat pasien asma yang menderita serangan asma.
Serangan asma ini sering terjadi pada malam hari, tiga sampai empat jam setelah penderita kontak misalnya dengan polen rumput atau debu rumah.
Respons asma biasanya muncul dalam waktu satu jam setelah terkena zat penyebab alergi.
Saat ini steroid merupakan cara perawatan utama asma namun tidak efektif untuk semua pasien.
Di Inggris saja terdapat 5,4 juta penderita asma yang bisa menimpa segala usia.
ENGLISH
Treatment of asthma inhalers by sucking the widely used
Scientists accidentally discovered a new treatment regimen for asthma attacks that can occur several hours after exposure to an allergy .
A team from Imperial College London found that blocking the function of nerve sensors stop " delayed asthmatic response " in mice .
Approximately half of people with asthma experience symptoms of asthma are pending .
The charity Asthma UK stating this study may help understand asthma .
In the journal Thorax , researchers say delayed asthmatic response happens because the agent trigger allergic respiratory sensor nerves in the hole .chain reaction
These nerves then trigger a chain reaction that causes the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine which causes narrowed breathing holes .
If these findings are applicable to humans would mean drugs called anticholinergics that block acetylcholine can be used to treat asthma patients who suffer from asthma attacks .
Asthma attacks often occur at night , three to four hours after patient contact eg with grass pollen or house dust .
The response of asthma usually appear within one hour after exposure to allergens .
Currently steroids are the primary treatment method of asthma but are not effective for all patients .
In the UK alone there are 5.4 million people with asthma who can override all ages .
Scientists accidentally discovered a new treatment regimen for asthma attacks that can occur several hours after exposure to an allergy .
A team from Imperial College London found that blocking the function of nerve sensors stop " delayed asthmatic response " in mice .
Approximately half of people with asthma experience symptoms of asthma are pending .
The charity Asthma UK stating this study may help understand asthma .
In the journal Thorax , researchers say delayed asthmatic response happens because the agent trigger allergic respiratory sensor nerves in the hole .chain reaction
These nerves then trigger a chain reaction that causes the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine which causes narrowed breathing holes .
If these findings are applicable to humans would mean drugs called anticholinergics that block acetylcholine can be used to treat asthma patients who suffer from asthma attacks .
Asthma attacks often occur at night , three to four hours after patient contact eg with grass pollen or house dust .
The response of asthma usually appear within one hour after exposure to allergens .
Currently steroids are the primary treatment method of asthma but are not effective for all patients .
In the UK alone there are 5.4 million people with asthma who can override all ages .
Sinar matahari ringankan penyakit asma - Sunlight relieve asthma
20 Mei 2013
Kajian menunjukan penderita asma yang kerap terkena sinar matahari mampu mengendalikan penyakit lebih baik.
Sebuah penelitian menunjukan
bahwa penderita asma yang menghabiskan banyak waktu di luar dan terpapar
matahari dapat memberi dampak positif terhadap penyakit mereka.
Sebuah tim di King's College London mengatakan
kurangnya asupan vitamin D yang -diproduksi oleh tubuh saat berada di
bawa sinar matahari- punya kaitan dengan makin buruknya penyakit asma
pada seorang pasien.Meski demikian hingga sekarang belum ada uji coba penanganan pasien asma dengan pemberian vitamin D.
Orang yang mengidap asma selama ini sering ditemukan mengalami kesulitan bernapas ketika saluran pernapasan mereka mengalami peradangan, bengkak, dan menyempit.
Selama ini sebagian besar orang yang mengidap asma menjalani pengobatan dengan pemberian steroid, namun obat-obatan jenis itu tidak bisa bekerja menyeluruh.
Kajian lanjutan
Kelompok yang dipimpin Hawrylowicz sebelumnya tengah meneliti dampak vitamin terhadap senyawa kimi dalam tubuh yang disebut interleukin-17.Senyawa itu merupakan bagian penting dari sistem kekebalan tubuh dan membantu memerangi penyakit asma.
"Kami tahu orang dengan level vitamin D yang tinggi bisa lebih baik dalam mengontrol penyakit asmanya-keterkaitan antar faktor itu sangat jelas sekali"
Catherine Hawrylowicz
Dalam kajian yang dipublikasikan di Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, mereka mengatakan Vitamin D mampu menurunkan tingkat interleukin-17 ketika vitamin dimasukkan pada sampel darah milik 28 pasien.
Tim yang dipimpin Prof Hawrylowicz saat ini tengah melakukan uji klinik untuk melihat apakah pemberian vitamin D kepada pasien bisa meringankan gejala asma.
Dalam uji klinik mereka akan melihat kondisi pasien yang tidak merespon pemberian steroid karena tubuh mereka memprodukis interleukin-17 tujuh kali lebih banyak ketimbang pasien lainnya.
ENGLISH
May 20, 2013patients asama
The study showed that people with asthma are often exposed to the sun is able to control the disease better .
A study showed that people with asthma who spend a lot of time outdoors and exposed to the sun can have a positive effect on their disease .
A team at King's College London, said the lack of intake of vitamin D produced by the body - while being brought sunshine - linked with worsening asthma in a patient .
Recent research shows that vitamin they can control a part of the immune system related to excess active asthma .
Yet until now there has been no trial of the treatment of patients with asthma with vitamin D.
People who have asthma have often found to have difficulty breathing when their airways become inflamed , swollen , and narrowed .
So far, most people who suffer from asthma undergoing treatment with steroids , but it kind of medicine can not work thoroughly.
" We know that people with high levels of vitamin D could be better in controlling his asthma , the relationship between these factors is very clear , " said researcher named Prof. Catherine Hawrylowicz .Advanced studies
The group led Hawrylowicz before investigating the effects of vitamins on kimi compound in the body called interleukin - 17 .
The compound is an important part of the immune system and help fight asthma .
" We know that people with high levels of vitamin D could be better in controlling his asthma - relation between these factors very clearly"
Catherine Hawrylowicz
However compound interleukin - 17 can cause problems when abortion becomes high enough level because it gives a strong impact on the appearance of asthma .
In a study published in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology , they say vitamin D can lower levels of interleukin - 17 as vitamins put on blood samples belonging to 28 patients .
The study showed that people with asthma are often exposed to the sun is able to control the disease better .
A study showed that people with asthma who spend a lot of time outdoors and exposed to the sun can have a positive effect on their disease .
A team at King's College London, said the lack of intake of vitamin D produced by the body - while being brought sunshine - linked with worsening asthma in a patient .
Recent research shows that vitamin they can control a part of the immune system related to excess active asthma .
Yet until now there has been no trial of the treatment of patients with asthma with vitamin D.
People who have asthma have often found to have difficulty breathing when their airways become inflamed , swollen , and narrowed .
So far, most people who suffer from asthma undergoing treatment with steroids , but it kind of medicine can not work thoroughly.
" We know that people with high levels of vitamin D could be better in controlling his asthma , the relationship between these factors is very clear , " said researcher named Prof. Catherine Hawrylowicz .Advanced studies
The group led Hawrylowicz before investigating the effects of vitamins on kimi compound in the body called interleukin - 17 .
The compound is an important part of the immune system and help fight asthma .
" We know that people with high levels of vitamin D could be better in controlling his asthma - relation between these factors very clearly"
Catherine Hawrylowicz
However compound interleukin - 17 can cause problems when abortion becomes high enough level because it gives a strong impact on the appearance of asthma .
In a study published in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology , they say vitamin D can lower levels of interleukin - 17 as vitamins put on blood samples belonging to 28 patients .
Larangan rokok tekan penderita asma -
The smoking ban hit people with asthma
21 Januari 2013
Banyak rumah tangga di Inggris mengadopsi aturan larangan merokok untuk diterapkan di rumah mereka.
Laporan penelitian di Inggris
mengatakan telah terjadi penurunan jumlah anak-anak penderita asma parah
yang dirujuk ke rumah sakit setelah aturan larangan rokok diterapkan di
Inggris.
Kajian yang dilakukan oleh peneliti dari
Imperial College di London menunjukan ada penurunan sebesar 12 persen di
tahun pertama setelah aturan larangan merokok di ruang publik tertutup
diterapkan.Lembaga Asthma UK mengatakan temuan dari penelitian ini sangat membesarkan hati.
Dalam kajiannya para peneliti mengkaji data yang dimiliki oleh Layanan Kesehatan Nasional, NHS pada tahun 2002.
Para peneliti yang menuliskan hasil penelitian mereka dalam jurnal Paediatrics menyebut bahwa jumlah anak-anak yang dibawa ke rumah sakit karena menderita asma parah meningkat diatas 2 persen per tahun sebelum aturan pembatasan bagi perokok diperkenalkan pada tahun 2007 lalu.
Dampak terhadap anak
Dengan hasil tersebut mereka kemudian menghitung adanya penurunan angka perawatan pada 12 bulan berikutnya yang menunjukan adanya penurunan hingga 12% dan kemudian 3% setiap dua tahun berikutnya.Ini berarti dalam tiga tahun jumlahnya akan setara dengan sekitar 6800 kasus perawatan di rumah sakit.
Penurunan ini menurut laporan tersebut terlihat dikalangan anak-anak baik perempuan maupun laki-laki dengan berbagai usia dan latar belakang ekonomi dan linkungan rumah tangga yang berbeda yang tinggal di kota maupun di kawasan pinggiran.
Ketua tim penelitian, Prof Christopher Millet mengatakan undang-undang ini memberikan dampak yang tidak terduga namun menimbulkan perubahan perilaku masyarakat yang sangat menggembirakan.
"Kami pikir ini terjadi karena orang menerapkan aturan larangan merokok di rumah ketika undang-undang larangan merokok disahkan dan juga karena mereka melihat manfaat dari penerapan aturan semacam ini saat berlaku di tempat umum seperti restoran lalu mereka memutuskan turut melakukannya di rumah," kata Millet.
"Ini sangat bermanfaat buat anak-anak karena kemungkinan mereka terpapar rokok makin berkurang."
ENGLISH
January 21, 2013cigarette
Many households in the UK adopt rules to implement a smoking ban in their home .
British study reports say there has been a decline in the number of children with severe asthma who were referred to the hospital after smoking ban rules applied in the UK .
Study conducted by researchers from Imperial College in London showed no decrease of 12 percent in the first year after the smoking ban rules in enclosed public spaces is applied .
They also said there is some evidence to show that people consciously then also apply the same rules in their homes .
Institute for Asthma UK said the findings of this study are very encouraging.
In the studies the researchers reviewed the data held by the National Health Service , the NHS in 2002 .
The researchers who wrote the results of their research in the journal Paediatrics stated that the number of children who were taken to hospital with severe asthma increases above 2 percent per year before the restrictions rules for smokers was introduced in 2007.Impact on children
With these results they then calculate a decrease in the numbers of care in the next 12 months which showed a decrease of up to 12 % and then 3 % each of the next two years .
This means that in three years the amount would be equivalent to approximately 6800 cases of hospitalization .
This decrease according to the report seen among the children of both women and men of different ages and economic backgrounds and different environments households who live in cities and suburbs .
Research team leader , Prof. Christopher Millet said the law gives an unexpected impact but cause changes in people's behavior is very encouraging .
" We think this occurs because people apply the rule of the smoking ban in the home when the legislation was passed and also the smoking ban because they see the benefits of the application of such rules apply when in a public place like a restaurant and they decided to also do it at home , " said Millet .
" It is very useful for children because they are exposed to the possibility of diminishing cigarette . "
Many households in the UK adopt rules to implement a smoking ban in their home .
British study reports say there has been a decline in the number of children with severe asthma who were referred to the hospital after smoking ban rules applied in the UK .
Study conducted by researchers from Imperial College in London showed no decrease of 12 percent in the first year after the smoking ban rules in enclosed public spaces is applied .
They also said there is some evidence to show that people consciously then also apply the same rules in their homes .
Institute for Asthma UK said the findings of this study are very encouraging.
In the studies the researchers reviewed the data held by the National Health Service , the NHS in 2002 .
The researchers who wrote the results of their research in the journal Paediatrics stated that the number of children who were taken to hospital with severe asthma increases above 2 percent per year before the restrictions rules for smokers was introduced in 2007.Impact on children
With these results they then calculate a decrease in the numbers of care in the next 12 months which showed a decrease of up to 12 % and then 3 % each of the next two years .
This means that in three years the amount would be equivalent to approximately 6800 cases of hospitalization .
This decrease according to the report seen among the children of both women and men of different ages and economic backgrounds and different environments households who live in cities and suburbs .
Research team leader , Prof. Christopher Millet said the law gives an unexpected impact but cause changes in people's behavior is very encouraging .
" We think this occurs because people apply the rule of the smoking ban in the home when the legislation was passed and also the smoking ban because they see the benefits of the application of such rules apply when in a public place like a restaurant and they decided to also do it at home , " said Millet .
" It is very useful for children because they are exposed to the possibility of diminishing cigarette . "
Peneliti: Asma bisa menunda kehamilan - Researcher: Asthma can delay pregnancy
14 November 2013
Sekitar 27% responden mengaku terlambat hamil karena asma.
Satu penelitian di Denmark menunjukkan bahwa menderita asma dapat menunda kehamilan.
Dalam artikel yang dimuat majalah ilmiah European Respiratory Journal,
para peneliti melakukan survei yang melibatkan tak kurang dari 15.000
perempuan kembar, hampir 1.000 di antaranya pernah menderita asma.
Terungkap bahwa 27% yang menderita asma mengalami keterlambatan hamil, dibandingkan sedikit di atas 21% yang bukan penderita asma.
Para ahli yakin bahwa faktor di balik perbedaan persentase ini mungkin saja adalah inflamasi yang disebabkan oleh asma.
Tetapi mereka mengatakan meski terlambat hamil, kedua kelompok memiliki jumlah rata-rata anak yang sama.
Mengomentari temuan ini, Deborah Waddell, dari organisasi Asthma UK mengatakan manajemen asma yang rapi sangat penting bagi ibu dan bayi.
"Kami menyarankan calon ibu tetap harus menggunakan obat asma mereka saat hamil," kata Waddell.
"Kalau ada wanita yang ingin hamil dan pada saat yang sama menderita asma, mereka sebaiknya berkonsultasi dengan dokter," katanya.
ENGLISH
14 November 2013asthma
Approximately 27 % of respondents claimed to late pregnancy because of asthma .
One study in Denmark showed that suffer from asthma can delay pregnancy .
In an article published scientific journal European Respiratory Journal , the researchers conducted a survey involving no less than 15,000 female twins , nearly 1,000 of whom had suffered from asthma .
They were asked whether they had tried to conceive for more than one year and failed .
Revealed that 27 % were suffering from asthma experience delays pregnant , compared to a little over 21 % were not asthmatics .
The experts believe that the factors behind this percentage difference is probably just inflammation caused by asthma .
But they say even late pregnancy, both groups had an average number of children the same .
Commenting on these findings , Deborah Waddell , from Asthma UK organizations say neat asthma management is very important for the mother and baby .
" We recommend that expectant mothers should keep their asthma medication use during pregnancy , " said Waddell .
"If there are women who want to conceive , and at the same time suffer from asthma , they should consult with a doctor , " he said .
Approximately 27 % of respondents claimed to late pregnancy because of asthma .
One study in Denmark showed that suffer from asthma can delay pregnancy .
In an article published scientific journal European Respiratory Journal , the researchers conducted a survey involving no less than 15,000 female twins , nearly 1,000 of whom had suffered from asthma .
They were asked whether they had tried to conceive for more than one year and failed .
Revealed that 27 % were suffering from asthma experience delays pregnant , compared to a little over 21 % were not asthmatics .
The experts believe that the factors behind this percentage difference is probably just inflammation caused by asthma .
But they say even late pregnancy, both groups had an average number of children the same .
Commenting on these findings , Deborah Waddell , from Asthma UK organizations say neat asthma management is very important for the mother and baby .
" We recommend that expectant mothers should keep their asthma medication use during pregnancy , " said Waddell .
"If there are women who want to conceive , and at the same time suffer from asthma , they should consult with a doctor , " he said .
Buah dan sayur 'bisa bantu atasi' asma - Fruit and vegetables 'could help overcome' asthma
6 Januari 2014
Saluran pernafasan penderita asma lebih rentan alami iritasi.
Buah, sayur, dan biji-bijian bisa membantu mengatasi asma, kata para peneliti.
Dalam artikel di jurnal ilmiah Nature Medicine,
para peneliti memberikan makanan tersebut ke sejumlah tikus, dan
hasilnya menunjukkan makanan yang kaya dengan serat bisa meminimalkan
inflamasi atau radang pada paru-paru.Para peneliti mengatakan makin seringnya orang mengkonsumsi produk makanan olahan, mungkin menjadi penyebab mengapa kasus asma bertambah.
Bagi para penderita asma, saluran pernafasan mereka lebih sensitif, lebih rentan mengalami iritasi dan inflamasi.
Bila ini terjadi, saluran pernafasan mengecil yang membuat mereka sulit bernafas.
Para peneliti mengatakan masih diperlukan kajian lanjutan agar penelitian ini bisa diterapkan untuk manusia.
Tapi Dr Benjamin Marsland, pakar yang terlibat di penelitian ini mengatakan, penerapannya untuk manusia jelas terbuka lebar.
"Memang masih terlalu dini, tapi jika nantinya dapat diterapkan untuk manusia, dampaknya bisa sangat luas," kata Dr Marsland.
ENGLISH
January 6, 2014asthma
Airways of asthmatics are more susceptible natural irritation .
Fruits , vegetables , and whole grains can help overcome asthma , the researchers said .
In an article in the scientific journal Nature Medicine , the researchers gave the food to a number of mice , and the results showed that foods rich in fiber can minimize inflammation or inflammation of the lungs .
The addition of fiber to change the nutrients absorbed from the intestine , which then changed the immunization system .
The researchers say the more often people consume processed food products , may be the reason why cases of asthma increased .
For people with asthma , their airways are more sensitive , more prone to irritation and inflammation .
When this happens, the smaller airways that makes them difficult to breathe .
The researchers say further studies are still needed in order to study can be applied to humans .
But Dr. Benjamin Marsland , experts involved in the study said , its application to humans clearly wide open .
" It is still too early , but if it can later be applied to humans , the impact can be very broad , " said Dr. Marsland .
Airways of asthmatics are more susceptible natural irritation .
Fruits , vegetables , and whole grains can help overcome asthma , the researchers said .
In an article in the scientific journal Nature Medicine , the researchers gave the food to a number of mice , and the results showed that foods rich in fiber can minimize inflammation or inflammation of the lungs .
The addition of fiber to change the nutrients absorbed from the intestine , which then changed the immunization system .
The researchers say the more often people consume processed food products , may be the reason why cases of asthma increased .
For people with asthma , their airways are more sensitive , more prone to irritation and inflammation .
When this happens, the smaller airways that makes them difficult to breathe .
The researchers say further studies are still needed in order to study can be applied to humans .
But Dr. Benjamin Marsland , experts involved in the study said , its application to humans clearly wide open .
" It is still too early , but if it can later be applied to humans , the impact can be very broad , " said Dr. Marsland .
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar