Mengapa orang memiliki puting susu ekstra?
Apa kesamaan dari Mark Wahlberg, Tilda Swinton, Lily Allen, dan Bill Paxton?
Satu hal yang jelas adalah mereka sangat terkenal, dan tentu Anda sudah tahu itu.
Namun
persamaan empat orang ini adalah mereka memiliki puting susu ekstra.
Puting susu ketiga, jelasnya, walaupun ada juga orang yang memiliki enam
puting susu tambahan. Bahkan ada yang delapan!
Penjelasan pertama tentang kondisi ini ditulis dalam jurnal sains Jerman pada 1878 oleh peneliti bernama Leichtenstern.
Ia
memperkirakan sekitar satu dari 500 manusia, atau 0,2% memiliki "puting
susu super numerik", yaitu jumlah puting susu yang lebih dari dua.
Satu studi menemukan prevalensi
0,2% dalam penduduk Hungaria, penelitian lain menunjukkan 0,6%
anak-anak kulit putih Amerika, dan studi lain menyebutkan 1,63%
anak-anak Amerika kulit hitam memiliki puting susu ekstra.
Perkiraan pada anak-anak Israel mencapai 2,5%, anak-anak Arab-Israel 4,7% dan 5,6% di anak-anak Jerman.
Studi
lain melaporkan 5% puting susu susu ekstra pada perempuan Jepang namun
hanya 1,6% pada pria, tetapi penelitian terpisah menyebutkan puting susu
lebih dari dua lebih banyak pada pria dibandingkan wanita. Sejumlah
bukti menunjukkan kasus dengan bentuk puting susu lebih besar di sisi
kiri dibandingkan di kanan.
Dengan kata lain dapat disebutkan
bahwa walaupun prevalensi puting susu tambahan tergantung dari etnik,
seksualitas, kawasan geografi atau metode deteksi, pentil tambahan
sebenarnya cukup jarang terjadi.
Institut Nasional Penyakit Langka
menyebutkan puting susu tambahan sebagai ‘penyakit langka’ atau dengan
kata lain kurang dari 200.000 orang di Amerika Serikat memilikinya.
Salah satu penelitian ilmiah "supernumerary nipples"
atau “puting susu supernumerik” dilakukan oleh ilmuwan bernama Kajava.
Pada 1915, berdasarkan penelitian terhadap warga Finlandia, ia membagi
orang yang memiliki puting susu tambahan dalam delapan kategori
berdasarkan jaringan.
Dalam "polymastia," atau kategori
satu, puting susu tambahan muncul dengan areola atau lingkaran hitam di
seputar tetek dan juga jaringan payudara. Pada dasarnya yang ditemukan
adalah payudara tambahan.
Pertumbuhan embrio
Kategori
lain menggambarkan adanya areola dan jaringan payudara tetapi tanpa
puting susu (kategori tiga). Adanya areola tanpa puting susu dan
jaringan payudara masuk dalam kategori tujuh.
Dalam salah satu kategori, puting susu dan areola ditemukan namun jaringan lemak menggantikan jaringan payudara (kategori lima).
Jenis
yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah kategori enam, yaitu adanya puting
susu namun tanpa areola. Secara spesifik bentuk ini disebut "polythelia".
Penelitian Kajava ini sudah berusia lebih dari satu abad namun masih digunakan oleh para doktor dan peneliti.
Memahami
di mana saja dan mengapa sampai puting susu ekstra ditemukan, akan
membantu mencari tahu kapan pertama kali ditemukan orang yang memiliki
pentil tambahan ini.
Setelah terjadinya pembuahan sperma pada sel
telur, terbentuklah embrio. Setelah delapan minggu pembuahan, embrio
manusia disebut fetus.
Terkadang pada minggu keempat pertumbuhan embrio, jaringan ectoderm atau jaringan yang melapisi embrio (sebagian akan menjadi kulit) menjadi mengeras sedikit.
Bagian
yang disebut jaringan susu atau payudara, terletak mulai dari ketiak
sampai ke dada, perut dan sampai ke paha bagian atas di dekat pangkal
paha.
Pada minggu-minggu dan bulan setelah itu, jaringan ini lebih menebal dan disebut mammary ridges,
atau lapisan yang menebal pada embrio. Lapisan ini tidak berkembang
lain kecuali pada bagian dada, tempat berkembangnya payudara dan puting
susu.
Tetapi lapisan mammary ridges ini tidak menghilang
sama sekali. Bila itu terjadi, maka muncullah bentuk tambahan, dalam
bentuk payudara seperti kategori satu penelitian Kajava, atau hanya
puting susu, pada kategori enam.
Sebagian besar jaringan tambahan
ini terletak di bawah puting susu tetapi menurut salah satu perkiraan,
sekitar 13% ditemukan di atas pentil, atau di ketiak.
“Bila ini terjadi, maka akan
menyulitkan setelah melahirkan karena puting susu berlaktasi secara
bersamaan, tulis Dr Norman A Grossl dalam the Southern Medical Journal.
Pengetahuan tentang adanya pentil tambahan lebih dulu terjadi dibandingkan kedokteran modern.
Dalam
ilmu Yunani kuno, dewi Artemis terkadang digambarkan dengan beberapa
payudara dan pengikut dewi Astarte, percaya bahwa payudara dan pentil
tambahan merupakan indikasi kesuburan.
Pria dengan tetek tambahan, pernah dipercaya memiliki birahi lebih tinggi dibandingkan yang hanya memiliki dua pentil.
Tidak jelas apakah payudara tambahan terkait dengan kesuburan tetapi pakar medis tetap mempercayainya sampai pada tahun 1800an.
Tempat tak terduga
Charles
Darwin sendiri pernah menulis adanya tetek atau pentil tambahan dalam
bukunya The Descent of Man, dan menyebutkan bahwa puting susu tambahan
adalah peninggalan dari evolusi yang terjadi pada manusia dalam proses
pertumbuhan.
Bukan gagasan yang gila karena
saat embrio berkembang lebih menyerupai ikan dan reptil purba sebelum
menjadi mamalia dan akhirnya primata.
Banyak mamalia lain yang
memiliki lebih dari dua tetek di sepanjang garis payudara – sapi
memiliki empat, anjing delapan sampai 10, tikus punya 12, dan babi 18.
Jadi Darwin beralasan, bila manusia memiliki puting susu tambahan, ini
merupakan pembawaan dari nenek moyang, yang karena sejumlah faktor tetap
bertahan saat fetus berkembang.
Tetapi karena pentil tambahan
juga dapat ditemukan di luar garis payudara, kasus seperti ini disebut
terjadi karena penyimpangan saat embrio berkembang.
Puting susu tambahan yang terletak di luar garis payudara disebut ectopic supernumerary nipples atau kelainan puting susu supernumerik.
Letaknya ada yang di punggung, bahu, kaki atau tangan, leher, muka dan bahkan di luar kemaluan (pada wanita) atau di perineum atau kerampang (daerah antara dubur dan kemaluan).
Sejumlah
ilmuwan berteori bahwa pentil abnormal adalah kelenjar keringat yang
termodifikasi atau bukti bahwa garis payudara terbentuk pada saat
pertumbuhan embrio dan muncul di tempat yang tak terduga dan menjadi
puting susu.
Dalam sebagian besar kasus, pentil tambahan bahkan tak terlihat atau dianggap tahi lalat atau tanda lahir.
Tetapi
bila ada jaringan payudara seperti yang biasa ditemukan pada puting
susu, maka akan terjadi perubahan hormon dan juga kemungkinan penyakit
seperti yang biasanya terjadi pada orang dengan kondisi normal.
Pentil
tambahan ini dapat berubah pigmen, membengkak atau berlaktasi, dan
kemungkinan pemiliknya baru mengetahui sampai masa puber atau kehamilan.
Dalam
kasus seperti ini, puting susu tambahan ini berfungsi seperti pentil
dan payudara pada umumnya namun letaknya saja yang berbeda, di tempat
selain di seputar payudara.
Puting susu ini juga dapat terkena sel kanker seperti halnya payudara normal.
Contoh ekstrem
Sejumlah
penelitian menyebutkan adanya korelasi antara puting susu supernumerik
dan ginjal atau kelainan saluran kencing. Tidak jelas apa yang
menyebabkan korelasi ini. Salah satu kemungkinannya saluran kencing,
ginjal dan sistem payudara berkembang pada saat bersamaan dalam
pertumbuhan embrio.
Kelainan saluran kencing dan ginjal dalam
populasi pada umumnya tercatat antara 1-2% namun pada mereka yang
memiliki puting susu tambahan, diperkirakan sekitar 14,5% atau lebih
tinggi.
Tetapi kelemahan studi seperti ini adalah kurangnya sampel.
Penelitian
lain mengklaim tidak ada korelasi antara dua hal ini dengan mengatakan
para dokter tidak perlu mencari memeriksa kelainan saluran kencing atau
ginjal hanya karena pasien memiliki puting susu tambahan.
Sebagian besar pemillik pentil tambahan tak peduli dengan keanehan pada tubuh mereka ini.
Sebagian ada yang diangkat melalui operasi untuk estetika.
Menyusui dengan tiga payudara
Namun sejumlah kasus dalam sejarah mengangkat contoh ekstrem.
Satu
kasus pada tahun 1827 menyebutkan seorang wanita Prancis yang memiliki
payudara ketiga di paha kirinya. Setelah melahirkan, tetek ketiga juga
memproduksi susu. “Susu di payudara ketiga ini diberikan kepada
bayinya,” tulis Gossl.
“Dia menyusui lima anak selama hidupnya dari tiga payudaranya.”
Dan
laporan tahun 1980 menyebutkan kasus puting susu ekstra “yang
menyerupai payudara wanita di paha belakang seorang pria berumur 74
tahun.”
“Tumor berlemak,” seperti yang disebut pria itu tak pernah mengganggunya dan ia menolak tawaran untuk mengangkat payudara itu.
ENGLISH
Why do people have an extra nipple?What is the similarity of Mark Wahlberg, Tilda Swinton, Lily Allen, and Bill Paxton?
One thing that is clear is that they are very well known, and of course you already know that.
But these four equations is that they have an extra nipple. Third nipple, he explained, although there are also people who have six extra nipples. In fact there are eight!
The first explanation of this condition is written in the German scientific journal in 1878 by a researcher named Leichtenstern.
He estimates that about one in 500 people, or 0.2% have a "super numerical nipple", ie the number of nipples are more than two.Supernumerik nipple, a term for those who have more than two nipples.
One study found a prevalence of 0.2% in the Hungarian population, other studies showed 0.6% of children of white Americans, and other studies mentioned 1.63% of American children blacks have an extra nipple.
Estimates on the children of Israel reached 2.5%, the children of Arab-Israel 4.7% and 5.6% in German children.
Another study reported a 5% extra milk nipple on Japanese women, but only 1.6% in men, but separate research nipple mention more than two more in men than women. Some evidence suggests the case with larger nipples form on the left than on the right.
In other words, there can be mentioned that despite the prevalence additional nipple depending on ethnicity, sexuality, geographic area or detection methods, extra nipples are actually quite rare.
National Institute of Rare Diseases mention extra nipples as 'rare disease' or in other words less than 200,000 people in the United States have it.
One scientific study "supernumerary nipples" or "nipple supernumerik" conducted by scientists named Kajava. In 1915, based on a study of Finnish citizens, he divides people who have an extra nipple in eight categories based network.
In "polymastia," or category one, an extra nipple or areola appear with black circles around the breast and breast tissue. Basically that is found is an additional breast.Embryo growth
Another category describes the areola and breast tissue but without nipples (category three). Existence without the nipple and areola of the breast tissue in the category seven.The development of the nipple from the growth of the embryo.
In one category, the nipple and areola are found but replace fatty tissue of the breast tissue (category five).
The type most commonly found are six categories, namely the nipple but without areola. Specifically, this form is called "polythelia".
Kajava research is already more than a century old but is still used by doctors and researchers.
Understanding anywhere and why up extra nipples are found, will help to find out when it was first discovered those who have this extra nipple.
After the fertilization of sperm in the egg, the embryo is formed. After eight weeks of conception, the human embryo is called a fetus.
Sometimes in the fourth week of the embryo growth, ectoderm tissues or embryonic tissue lining (partially going to be the skin) become hardened slightly.
Section called tissue or breast milk, is from the armpit to the chest, stomach and up into the upper thigh near the groin.
In the weeks and months after that, this tissue is thickened and called mammary ridges, or a thickened layer of the embryo. This layer does not develop except on the chest, where the development of breast and nipple.
But this layer of mammary ridges do not disappear altogether. If that happens, then comes the additional form, in the shape of the breast as a category one study Kajava, or just the nipple, in six categories.
Most of this extra tissue located under the nipple but according to one estimate, about 13% are found on top of the valve, or in the armpit.Greek goddess with nipple over two considered as a sign of fertility.
"When this happens, it will be difficult after childbirth because of nipple lactate simultaneously, writes Dr. Norman A Grossl in the Southern Medical Journal.
Knowledge of the existence of an additional valve first happened than modern medicine.
In the science of ancient Greece, Artemis, sometimes depicted with multiple breasts and the followers of the goddess Astarte, believe that additional breast and nipple is indicative of fertility.
Men with breasts addition, once believed to have lust higher than that has only two nipples.
It is not clear whether the additional breast associated with fertility but medical experts still believe it until the 1800s.Unexpected places
Charles Darwin himself never wrote any additional breasts or nipples in his book The Descent of Man, and mentions that the additional nipple is a relic of evolution that occurs in humans in the growth process.Research on more than two nipples began to exist before modern medicine.
Not a crazy idea for a developing embryo much like fish and reptiles to mammals and ancient before finally primates.
Many other mammals that have more than two breasts along the bust line - a cow has four, eight to 10 dogs, rats had a 12, and 18. Thus pigs Darwin reasoned, when people have an extra nipple, this is the nature of the ancestors, which due to a number of factors persist when the developing fetus.
But because of the additional valve can also be found outside the breast line, these cases occur because of irregularities referred to as the embryo develops.
Putting extra milk which is located outside the bust line is called ectopic supernumerary nipples or nipple abnormalities supernumerik.
Lying there on his back, shoulders, legs or hands, neck, face and even outside the pubic (in women) or in the perineum or the perineum (the area between the anus and the genitals).
Some scientists theorize that abnormal valve is a modified sweat glands or proof that the bust line is formed when the growth of the embryo and appear in unexpected places and into the nipple.
In most cases, an additional valve even invisible or considered a mole or birthmark.
But if there is breast tissue such as those commonly found on the nipple, there will be hormonal changes and also the possibility of such diseases that usually occur in people with normal conditions.
This additional valve can be changed pigment, swell or lactate, and the possibility of new owners know until puberty or pregnancy.
In such cases, this additional nipple such as nipple and breast function in general but its location was different, in a place other than around the breast.
The nipple can also be affected by breast cancer cells as well as normal.Examples of extreme
A number of studies suggest a correlation between the nipple supernumerik and kidney or urinary tract disorder. It is not clear what causes this correlation. One possibility urinary tract, kidney and breast system developed at the same time the growth of the embryo.
Urinary tract and kidney disorders in the general population recorded between 1-2%, but in those who have an extra nipple, estimated to be around 14.5% or higher.
But the weakness of such studies is the lack of samples.
Other studies claim there is no correlation between these two with said doctors do not need to search for checking the urinary tract or kidney disorders simply because the patient has an extra nipple.
Most pemillik extra nipples do not care about the strangeness of their body is.
Some are removed through surgery for aesthetic.Breastfeeding with three breasts
However, a number of cases in the history of lifting extreme example.
One case in 1827 mentioning a French woman who had a third breast in his left thigh. After delivery, the third well producing breast milk. "Breast Milk in the third was given to the baby," wrote Gossl.
"He breastfeeding during his five children from three breasts."
And a 1980 report cited the case of nipple extra "that resembles a woman's breasts in the hamstrings a man aged 74 years."
"Fatty tumor," as it is called he had never bothered him, and he turned down an offer to lift the breasts.
One thing that is clear is that they are very well known, and of course you already know that.
But these four equations is that they have an extra nipple. Third nipple, he explained, although there are also people who have six extra nipples. In fact there are eight!
The first explanation of this condition is written in the German scientific journal in 1878 by a researcher named Leichtenstern.
He estimates that about one in 500 people, or 0.2% have a "super numerical nipple", ie the number of nipples are more than two.Supernumerik nipple, a term for those who have more than two nipples.
One study found a prevalence of 0.2% in the Hungarian population, other studies showed 0.6% of children of white Americans, and other studies mentioned 1.63% of American children blacks have an extra nipple.
Estimates on the children of Israel reached 2.5%, the children of Arab-Israel 4.7% and 5.6% in German children.
Another study reported a 5% extra milk nipple on Japanese women, but only 1.6% in men, but separate research nipple mention more than two more in men than women. Some evidence suggests the case with larger nipples form on the left than on the right.
In other words, there can be mentioned that despite the prevalence additional nipple depending on ethnicity, sexuality, geographic area or detection methods, extra nipples are actually quite rare.
National Institute of Rare Diseases mention extra nipples as 'rare disease' or in other words less than 200,000 people in the United States have it.
One scientific study "supernumerary nipples" or "nipple supernumerik" conducted by scientists named Kajava. In 1915, based on a study of Finnish citizens, he divides people who have an extra nipple in eight categories based network.
In "polymastia," or category one, an extra nipple or areola appear with black circles around the breast and breast tissue. Basically that is found is an additional breast.Embryo growth
Another category describes the areola and breast tissue but without nipples (category three). Existence without the nipple and areola of the breast tissue in the category seven.The development of the nipple from the growth of the embryo.
In one category, the nipple and areola are found but replace fatty tissue of the breast tissue (category five).
The type most commonly found are six categories, namely the nipple but without areola. Specifically, this form is called "polythelia".
Kajava research is already more than a century old but is still used by doctors and researchers.
Understanding anywhere and why up extra nipples are found, will help to find out when it was first discovered those who have this extra nipple.
After the fertilization of sperm in the egg, the embryo is formed. After eight weeks of conception, the human embryo is called a fetus.
Sometimes in the fourth week of the embryo growth, ectoderm tissues or embryonic tissue lining (partially going to be the skin) become hardened slightly.
Section called tissue or breast milk, is from the armpit to the chest, stomach and up into the upper thigh near the groin.
In the weeks and months after that, this tissue is thickened and called mammary ridges, or a thickened layer of the embryo. This layer does not develop except on the chest, where the development of breast and nipple.
But this layer of mammary ridges do not disappear altogether. If that happens, then comes the additional form, in the shape of the breast as a category one study Kajava, or just the nipple, in six categories.
Most of this extra tissue located under the nipple but according to one estimate, about 13% are found on top of the valve, or in the armpit.Greek goddess with nipple over two considered as a sign of fertility.
"When this happens, it will be difficult after childbirth because of nipple lactate simultaneously, writes Dr. Norman A Grossl in the Southern Medical Journal.
Knowledge of the existence of an additional valve first happened than modern medicine.
In the science of ancient Greece, Artemis, sometimes depicted with multiple breasts and the followers of the goddess Astarte, believe that additional breast and nipple is indicative of fertility.
Men with breasts addition, once believed to have lust higher than that has only two nipples.
It is not clear whether the additional breast associated with fertility but medical experts still believe it until the 1800s.Unexpected places
Charles Darwin himself never wrote any additional breasts or nipples in his book The Descent of Man, and mentions that the additional nipple is a relic of evolution that occurs in humans in the growth process.Research on more than two nipples began to exist before modern medicine.
Not a crazy idea for a developing embryo much like fish and reptiles to mammals and ancient before finally primates.
Many other mammals that have more than two breasts along the bust line - a cow has four, eight to 10 dogs, rats had a 12, and 18. Thus pigs Darwin reasoned, when people have an extra nipple, this is the nature of the ancestors, which due to a number of factors persist when the developing fetus.
But because of the additional valve can also be found outside the breast line, these cases occur because of irregularities referred to as the embryo develops.
Putting extra milk which is located outside the bust line is called ectopic supernumerary nipples or nipple abnormalities supernumerik.
Lying there on his back, shoulders, legs or hands, neck, face and even outside the pubic (in women) or in the perineum or the perineum (the area between the anus and the genitals).
Some scientists theorize that abnormal valve is a modified sweat glands or proof that the bust line is formed when the growth of the embryo and appear in unexpected places and into the nipple.
In most cases, an additional valve even invisible or considered a mole or birthmark.
But if there is breast tissue such as those commonly found on the nipple, there will be hormonal changes and also the possibility of such diseases that usually occur in people with normal conditions.
This additional valve can be changed pigment, swell or lactate, and the possibility of new owners know until puberty or pregnancy.
In such cases, this additional nipple such as nipple and breast function in general but its location was different, in a place other than around the breast.
The nipple can also be affected by breast cancer cells as well as normal.Examples of extreme
A number of studies suggest a correlation between the nipple supernumerik and kidney or urinary tract disorder. It is not clear what causes this correlation. One possibility urinary tract, kidney and breast system developed at the same time the growth of the embryo.
Urinary tract and kidney disorders in the general population recorded between 1-2%, but in those who have an extra nipple, estimated to be around 14.5% or higher.
But the weakness of such studies is the lack of samples.
Other studies claim there is no correlation between these two with said doctors do not need to search for checking the urinary tract or kidney disorders simply because the patient has an extra nipple.
Most pemillik extra nipples do not care about the strangeness of their body is.
Some are removed through surgery for aesthetic.Breastfeeding with three breasts
However, a number of cases in the history of lifting extreme example.
One case in 1827 mentioning a French woman who had a third breast in his left thigh. After delivery, the third well producing breast milk. "Breast Milk in the third was given to the baby," wrote Gossl.
"He breastfeeding during his five children from three breasts."
And a 1980 report cited the case of nipple extra "that resembles a woman's breasts in the hamstrings a man aged 74 years."
"Fatty tumor," as it is called he had never bothered him, and he turned down an offer to lift the breasts.
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